Dynamically Updated List of References (so far a total of 1,601 & counting) to Relevant, High-Quality Study Papers Published (since the year 1900) in the Reputable, Peer-Reviewed Medical Literature
Click on Table 1 (left) or HERE for larger image from below Abstract
Niacin co-supplementation with folic acid and N-acetyl-L-glutamine from mid- to late-life to delay the onset of Alzheimer’s dementia beyond a five-year goal that would otherwise require habitual exercise: simulation of interventional trials over aging
Dmitry Kats, PhD, MPH 1*
1 HOM3OSTASIS (EIN: 82-1690789), Epidemiology
* Correspondence: dmitry@HOM3OSTASIS.com
Introduction:
A hypothetical breakthrough treatment to impede when Alzheimer’s disease (AD) onsets in the population by five years would save millions of lives, dramatically reduce burden, and spare trillions in costs. Emerging evidence of degenerative consequences post-COVID-19 highlights an urgent need to find accomplishable ways to counter the progression of dementing processes. AD represents a looming global crisis, motivating this study to ascertain and compare the causal effects – on subsequent age of incident AD – of two lifestyle strategies intended to limit aging-driven bodily accretion of supernumerary energy: (1) levels of engagement in leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) or (2) co-supplementation of niacin, folic acid, and N-acetyl-L-glutamine (GPR109A, the receptor fine-tuning energy homeostasis in all cells for which niacin serves as exogenous ligand and that is modulated in cooperation by all three of these nutrients, which grow in demand to sustain biological function and with that, compound in lack from diet).
Methods:
Using well-characterized prospective cohort data from the large Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study of African American and Caucasian, middle-aged, community-dwelling adults at baseline (in 1987-1989) followed into older adulthood, Monte Carlo Markov Chain-iterated Bayesian multivariate joint modeling was implemented for accommodation of expected informative attrition due to the dropout or death typical across extended follow-up beginning at midlife. Furthermore, accounting for missingness occurring not at random in this fashion enabled unbiased forecast of the subsequent age of incident AD (per clinically-validated diagnosis in ARIC surveillance data) according to the difference, as compared to a referent population with no involvement in LTPA from age 50 to 70 years, in the volume (intensity • duration) of energy – quantified as the average weekly metabolic equivalent of task (MET)-minutes – expended instead by way of participation from age 50 to 70 years in either (1) LTPA, computed from standardized self-report assessments prospectively collected among ARIC participants or (2) GPR109A, converted utilizing calculations from prior works of the magnitude of exergy not accumulated in the body but recovered in feces as result of the antilipolytic actions of pharmacologic-dose niacin via activation of its receptor, catalyzed by stoichiometrically appropriate amounts of folic acid and N-acetyl-L-glutamine. Double-blind randomized interventional trials were thereby simulated to foretell the impact of increased energy expenditure by LTPA or by GPR109A over the fifties and sixties on AD development later in life.
Results:
Among 14,618 ARIC participants at baseline (26% African American; 55% women; mean age = 54 years; 37% reported no LTPA), 2,540 (17%) individuals were diagnosed with AD thereafter a median follow-up of 23 years. Upon convergence of specified joint models, interventional trial simulations revealed that delaying AD by 5.0 years – from 86.3 years of age for individuals without commitment to LTPA from age 50 to 70 years to a target age of 91.3 years – would necessitate an additional 2,100 MET-minutes of energy expended on average every week during these two decades. For adults who would not engage in LTPA from age 50 to 70 years to postpone AD by five years would mandate for them rather to partake in LTPA at a feasible 5-MET level of intensity for an average of at least seven hours each week through the twenty years. Alternatively, over the same life epoch versus no LTPA, GPR109A would provide expenditure of excess energy of on average 8,031 MET-minutes per week, analogous to the amount from ~27 hours weekly of 5-MET LTPA (Table 1). Application of GPR109A in representative populations hence projects to defer onsetting AD by a minimum of five years while sparing the requirement for any LTPA.
Discussion:
Herein, causally generated findings transform a dire urge which may have remained merely a hopeful aspiration for a five-year delay in the onset of AD to mitigate a potentially unmanageable endemic, into now evidently overachievement of such an aim with GPR109A. Although GPR109A is prognosticated to offer postponement of AD onset beyond the sought-after five years, realizing its potential urgently entails establishment of focused collaboration between policymakers, clinicians, communities, and individuals.
1. Aarhus R, Graeff RM, Dickey DM, et al. ADP-ribosyl Cyclase and CD38 Catalyze the Synthesis of a Calcium-mobilizing Metabolite from NADP+. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1995;270(51):30327-30333. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.51.30327.
2. Abbott SM, Malkani RG, Zee PC. Circadian disruption and human health: A bidirectional relationship. Eur J Neurosci. 2019;51(1):567-583. doi:10.1111/ejn.14298.
3. Abboud K, Reis S, Martelli M, et al. Oral Glutamine Supplementation Reduces Obesity, Pro-Inflammatory Markers, and Improves Insulin Sensitivity in DIO Wistar Rats and Reduces Waist Circumference in Overweight and Obese Humans. Nutrients. 2019;11(3):536. doi:10.3390/nu11030536.
4. Abdel Rasheed NO, Shiha NA, Mohamed SS, et al. SIRT1/PARP-1/NLRP3 cascade as a potential target for niacin neuroprotective effect in lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive-like behavior in mice. International Immunopharmacology. 2023;123:110720. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110720.
5. Abdellatif M, Bugger H, Kroemer G, et al. NAD+ and Vascular Dysfunction: From Mechanisms to Therapeutic Opportunities. J Lipid Atheroscler. 2022;11(2):111. doi:10.12997/jla.2022.11.2.111.
6. Abdellatif M, Rainer PP, Sedej S, et al. Hallmarks of cardiovascular ageing. Nat Rev Cardiol. Published online May 16, 2023. doi:10.1038/s41569-023-00881-3.
7. Abdelrahman A. The Role of GPR109A in Regulation of Retinal Angiogenesis and Blood-Retinal Barrier as a Potential Therapeutic Target in Diabetic Retinopathy. Doctoral dissertation, Augusta University. 2020. URL:https://augusta.openrepository.com/handle/10675.2/623721.
8. Abdelrahman AA, Powell FL, Jadeja RN, et al. Expression and activation of the ketone body receptor HCAR2/GPR109A promotes preservation of retinal endothelial cell barrier function. Experimental Eye Research. 2022;221:109129. doi:10.1016/j.exer.2022.109129.
9. Abu-Farha M, Al-Sabah S, Hammad MM, et al. Prognostic Genetic Markers for Thrombosis in COVID-19 Patients: A Focused Analysis on D-Dimer, Homocysteine and Thromboembolism. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11. doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.587451.
10. Adams CD. Circulating Glutamine and Alzheimer’s Disease: A Mendelian Randomization Study. CIA. 2020;15:185-193. doi:10.2147/cia.s239350.
11. Adams JB, Audhya T, McDonough-Means S, et al. Nutritional and metabolic status of children with autism vs. neurotypical children, and the association with autism severity. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2011;8(1):34. doi:10.1186/1743-7075-8-34.
12. Addabbo F, Chen Q, Patel DP, et al. Glutamine Supplementation Alleviates Vasculopathy and Corrects Metabolic Profile in an In Vivo Model of Endothelial Cell Dysfunction. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(6):e65458. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065458.
13. Adebola Okunola E O. Overview of the Rationale for L-Glutamine Treatment in Moderate-Severe COVID-19 Infection. J Infect Dis Epidemiol. 2021;7(1). doi:10.23937/2474-3658/1510187.
14. Adebowale T, Oso A, Liu H, et al. Effect of Dietary Niacin Supplementation on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Hematology, and Lipoprotein Concentrations of Young Turkeys, Meleagris gallopavo. J Poult Sci. 2019;56(2):112-119. doi:10.2141/jpsa.0170212.
15. Adepu KK, Kachhap S, Anishkin A, et al. Structural and Energetic Insights Into the Interaction of Niacin With the GPR109A Receptor. Bioinform Biol Insights. 2021;15:117793222110561. doi:10.1177/11779322211056122.
16. Adhikari PM, Chowta MN, Ramapuram JT, et al. Prevalence of Vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiency in HIV-positive patients and its association with neuropsychiatric symptoms and immunological response. Indian J Sex Transm Dis. 2016;37(2):178. doi:10.4103/0253-7184.192117.
17. Adhikari PM, Chowta MN, Ramapuram JT, et al. Effect of Vitamin B12 and folic acid supplementation on neuropsychiatric symptoms and immune response in HIV-positive patients. Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice. 2016;07(03):362-367. doi:10.4103/0976-3147.182774.
18. Afonsky D. Oral lesions in niacin, riboflavin, pyridoxine, folic acid, and pantothenic acid deficiencies in adult dogs. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology. 1955;8(2):206-212. doi:10.1016/0030-4220(55)90194-8.
19. Afzal M, Kuipers OP, Shafeeq S. Niacin-mediated Gene Expression and Role of NiaR as a Transcriptional Repressor of niaX, nadC, and pnuC in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2017;7. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2017.00070.
20. Aghamohammadi V, Gargari BP, Aliasgharzadeh A. Effect of Folic Acid Supplementation on Homocysteine, Serum Total Antioxidant Capacity, and Malondialdehyde in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2011;30(3):210-215. doi:10.1080/07315724.2011.10719962.
21. Agostoni C, Carratù B, Boniglia C, et al. Free Glutamine and Glutamic Acid Increase in Human Milk Through a Three-Month Lactation Period. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2000;31(5):508-512. doi:10.1097/00005176-200011000-00011.
22. Agte VV, Paknikar KM, Chiplonkar SA. Effect of nicotinic acid on zinc and iron metabolism. Biometals. 1997;10(4):271-276. doi:10.1023/a:1018368231716.
23. Ahlenius H. Past, Present, and Future of Direct Cell Reprogramming. Cellular Reprogramming. 2022;24(5):205-211. doi:10.1089/cell.2022.0110.
24. Ahmad S, Panda BP, Kohli K, et al. Folic acid ameliorates celecoxib cardiotoxicity in a doxorubicin heart failure rat model. Pharmaceutical Biology. 2017;55(1):1295-1303. doi:10.1080/13880209.2017.1299768.
25. Ahmed A, Syed JN, Chi L, et al. KDM8 epigenetically controls cardiac metabolism to prevent initiation of dilated cardiomyopathy. Nat Cardiovasc Res. 2023;2(2):174-191. doi:10.1038/s44161-023-00214-0.
26. Ahmed HM, Yossif E, Abd-Elkader AS, et al. The efficacy and safety of niacin on hyperphosphatemia in ESRD patients undergoing hemodialysis: randomized controlled trial. Egypt J Intern Med. 2022;34(1). doi:10.1186/s43162-021-00080-x.
27. Ahn JY, Kim IS, Lee JS. Relationship of Riboflavin and Niacin with Cardiovascular Disease. Korean J Clin Lab Sci. 2019;51(4):484-494. doi:10.15324/kjcls.2019.51.4.484.
28. Aikawa H, Suzuki K. Enteric gliopathy in niacin-deficiency induced by CNS glio-toxin. Brain Research. 1985;334(2):354-356. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(85)90231-8.
29. Aishwarya S, Gunasekaran K. Differential Gene Expression Profiles Involved in the Inflammations Due to COVID-19 and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and the Investigation of Predictive Biomarkers. Biochem Genet. 2023. doi:10.1007/s10528-023-10414-9.
30. Aizawa S, Sakai T, Sakata I. Glutamine and glutamic acid enhance thyroid-stimulating hormone β subunit mRNA expression in the rat pars tuberalis. Journal of Endocrinology. 2012;212(3):383-394. doi:10.1530/joe-11-0388.
31. Ajeigbe K, Aibangbee K, Saeed S, et al. Folic acid protects and heals gastric mucosa: role of acid output, inflammatory cytokines, angiogenic and growth factors. JoBAZ. 2022;83(1). doi:10.1186/s41936-022-00280-z.
32. Ajeigbe K, Oladejo E, Olaleye S, et al. Effect of folic acid supplementation on oxidative gastric mucosa damage and acid secretory response in the rat. Indian J Pharmacol. 2011;43(5):578. doi:10.4103/0253-7613.84976.
33. Ajeigbe KO, Jaja LE, Onifade AA, et al. Folic Acid Supplementation Ameliorates Inflammation and Apoptosis in Ethanol-Induced Gastric Ulceration in Rats. JBM. 2017;05(12):101-117. doi:10.4236/jbm.2017.512011.
34. Akbari M, Tabrizi R, Lankarani KB, et al. The Effects of Folate Supplementation on Diabetes Biomarkers Among Patients with Metabolic Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Horm Metab Res. 2018;50(2):93-105. doi:10.1055/s-0043-125148.
35. Akin F, Altun İ, Ayca B, et al. Associations of non-HDL-C and triglyceride/HDL-C ratio with coronary plaque burden and plaque characteristics in young adults. Bosn J of Basic Med Sci. 2022;22(6):1025-1032. doi:10.17305/bjbms.2022.7142.
36. Akter K, Akter H, Nurjahan F, et al. Vitamin B12, Folic acid and Homocysteine Levels in female metabolic syndrome patients and their relationship with Heart rate variability. J Bangladesh Soc Physiol. 2021;16(1):24-32. doi:10.3329/jbsp.v16i1.54349.
37. Alavi MS, Karimi G, Roohbakhsh A. The role of orphan G protein-coupled receptors in the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis: A review. Life Sciences. 2019;224:33-40. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2019.03.045.
38. Alberghina L, Gaglio D. Redox control of glutamine utilization in cancer. Cell Death Dis. 2014;5(12):e1561-e1561. doi:10.1038/cddis.2014.513.
39. Alcántara-Alonso E, Molinar-Ramos F, González-López JA, et al. High triglyceride to HDL-cholesterol ratio as a biochemical marker of severe outcomes in COVID-19 patients. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2021;44:437-444. doi: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.04.020.
40. Aldana BI, Zhang Y, Jensen P, et al. Glutamate-glutamine homeostasis is perturbed in neurons and astrocytes derived from patient iPSC models of frontotemporal dementia. Mol Brain. 2020;13(1). doi:10.1186/s13041-020-00658-6.
41. Alegre J, Rosés JM, Javierre C, et al. Nicotinamida adenina dinucleótido (NADH) en pacientes con síndrome de fatiga crónica. Revista Clínica Española. 2010;210(6):284-288. doi:10.1016/j.rce.2009.09.015.
42. Alfaro GF, Palombo V, D’Andrea M, et al. Hepatic transcript profiling in beef cattle: Effects of rumen-protected niacin supplementation. PLoS ONE. 2023;18(8):e0289409. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0289409.
43. Ali MA, Hafez HA, Kamel MA, et al. Dietary Vitamin B Complex: Orchestration in Human Nutrition throughout Life with Sex Differences. Nutrients. 2022;14(19):3940. doi:10.3390/nu14193940.
44. Alizadeh J, Kavoosi M, Singh N, et al. Regulation of Autophagy via Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism in Cancer. Cancers. 2023;15(8):2195. doi:10.3390/cancers15082195.
45. Allen LH. Causes of Vitamin B12 and Folate Deficiency. Food Nutr Bull. 2008;29(2_suppl1):S20-S34. doi:10.1177/15648265080292s105.
46. Alqahtani SS, Koltai T, Ibrahim ME, et al. Role of pH in Regulating Cancer Pyrimidine Synthesis. JoX. 2022;12(3):158-180. doi:10.3390/jox12030014.
47. Alsubaie HM, Alsini AY, Alsubaie KM, et al. Glutamine for prevention and alleviation of radiation‐induced oral mucositis in patients with head and neck squamous cell cancer: Systematic review and meta‐analysis of controlled trials. Head & Neck. 2021;43(10):3199-3213. doi:10.1002/hed.26798.
48. Alter HJ, Zvaifler NJ, Rath CE. Interrelationship of Rheumatoid Arthritis, Folic Acid, and Aspirin. Blood. 1971;38(4):405-416. doi:10.1182/blood.v38.4.405.405
49. Altman BJ, Stine ZE, Hsieh AL, et al. Abstract 4708: Mammalian glutamine metabolism controls circadian rhythm through regulation of reactive oxygen species. Cancer Research. 2015;75(15_Supplement):4708-4708. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.am2015-4708.
50. Alzheimer's Association. Changing the trajectory of Alzheimer's disease: how a treatment by 2025 saves lives and dollars. 2015. URL:https://www.alz.org/media/Documents/changing-the-trajectory-r.pdf.
51. Al-Numair KS, Waly MI, Ali A, et al. Dietary folate protects against azoxymethane-induced aberrant crypt foci development and oxidative stress in rat colon. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2011;236(9):1005-1011. doi:10.1258/ebm.2011.011010.
52. Al-Taie A, Koseoglu A. Potential therapeutic effects of different mouthwashes for alleviation and treatment of oral complications of 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy in patients with colon cancer. Eur J Hosp Pharm. 2021;30(4):202-207. doi:10.1136/ejhpharm-2021-002827.
53. Amagase K, Nakamura E, Endo T, et al. New Frontiers in Gut Nutrient Sensor Research: Prophylactic Effect of Glutamine Against Helicobacter pylori–Induced Gastric Diseases in Mongolian Gerbils. J Pharmacol Sci. 2010;112(1):25-32. doi:10.1254/jphs.09r11fm.
54. Ames BN, Elson-Schwab I, Silver EA. High-dose vitamin therapy stimulates variant enzymes with decreased coenzyme binding affinity (increased Km): relevance to genetic disease and polymorphisms. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002;75(4):616-658. doi:10.1093/ajcn/75.4.616.
55. Amirahmadi S, Hosseini M, Ahmadabady S, et al. Folic acid attenuated learning and memory impairment via inhibition of oxidative damage and acetylcholinesterase activity in hypothyroid rats. Metab Brain Dis. 2021;36(8):2393-2403. doi:10.1007/s11011-021-00815-3.
56. Amirato GR, Borges JO, Marques DL, et al. L-Glutamine Supplementation Enhances Strength and Power of Knee Muscles and Improves Glycemia Control and Plasma Redox Balance in Exercising Elderly Women. Nutrients. 2021;13(3):1025. doi:10.3390/nu13031025.
57. Amjad S, Nisar S, Bhat AA, et al. Role of NAD+ in regulating cellular and metabolic signaling pathways. Molecular Metabolism. 2021;49:101195. doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101195.
58. Ananth JV. Nicotinic acid in the treatment of newly admitted schizophrenic patients: a placebo-controlled study. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Therapy & Toxicology. 1972. URL:https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1973-11528-001.
59. Andersen ST, Jeppesen TD, Taivassalo T, et al. Effect of Changes in Fat Availability on Exercise Capacity in McArdle Disease. Arch Neurol. 2009;66(6). doi:10.1001/archneurol.2009.93.
60. Anderson G, Carbone A, Mazzoccoli G. Tryptophan Metabolites and Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) Pathophysiology. IJMS. 2021;22(4):1597. doi:10.3390/ijms22041597,
61. Anderson PM, Schroeder G, Skubitz KM. Oral glutamine reduces the duration and severity of stomatitis after cytotoxic cancer chemotherapy. Cancer. 1998;83(7):1433-1439. doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19981001)83:7<1433::aid-cncr22>3.0.co;2-4.
62. Andersson LE, Shcherbina L, Al-Majdoub M, et al. Glutamine-Elicited Secretion of Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Is Governed by an Activated Glutamate Dehydrogenase. Diabetes. 2017;67(3):372-384. doi:10.2337/db16-1441.
63. Andrews PJD, Avenell A, Noble DW, et al. Randomised trial of glutamine, selenium, or both, to supplement parenteral nutrition for critically ill patients. BMJ. 2011;342(mar17 2):d1542-d1542. doi:10.1136/bmj.d1542.
64. Ansarey SH. Inflammation and JNK’s Role in Niacin-GPR109A Diminished Flushed Effect in Microglial and Neuronal Cells With Relevance to Schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.771144.
65. Ansari M, Nazarov YV. Keldysh formalism for multiple parallel worlds. 2015. doi:10.48550/ARXIV.1509.04253.
66. Aragona KM, Chapman CE, Pereira ABD, et al. Prepartum supplementation of nicotinic acid: Effects on health of the dam, colostrum quality, and acquisition of immunity in the calf. Journal of Dairy Science. 2016;99(5):3529-3538. doi:10.3168/jds.2015-10598.
67. Aragona KM, Rice EM, Engstrom M, et al. Supplementation of nicotinic acid to prepartum Holstein cows increases colostral immunoglobulin G, excretion of urinary purine derivatives, and feed efficiency in calves. Journal of Dairy Science. 2020;103(3):2287-2302. doi:10.3168/jds.2019-17058.
68. Armarego WLF. A Twenty Year Association with Pteridines - Chemistry, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Pteridines. 1998;9(2):55-85. doi:10.1515/pteridines.1998.9.2.55.
69. Armstrong AW, Wu J, Johnson MA, et al. Metabolomics in psoriatic disease: pilot study reveals metabolite differences in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. F1000Res. 2014;3:248. doi:10.12688/f1000research.4709.1.
70. Arnaud A, Ramı́rez M, Baxter JH, et al. Absorption of enterally administered N-acetyl-l-glutamine versus glutamine in pigs. Clinical Nutrition. 2004;23(6):1303-1312. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2004.04.004.
71. Arribas-López E, Zand N, Ojo O, et al. The Effect of Amino Acids on Wound Healing: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Arginine and Glutamine. Nutrients. 2021;13(8):2498. doi:10.3390/nu13082498.
72. Asadi N, Izadi M, Aflatounian A, et al. Chronic niacin administration ameliorates ovulation, histological changes in the ovary and adiponectin concentrations in a rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome. Reprod Fertil Dev. 2021;33(7):447-454. doi:10.1071/rd20306.
73. Asbaghi O, Ashtary-Larky D, Bagheri R, et al. Effects of Folic Acid Supplementation on Inflammatory Markers: A Grade-Assessed Systematic Review and Dose–Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients. 2021;13(7):2327. doi:10.3390/nu13072327.
74. Asbaghi O, Ashtary-Larky D, Bagheri R, et al. Folic Acid Supplementation Improves Glycemic Control for Diabetes Prevention and Management: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients. 2021;13(7):2355. doi:10.3390/nu13072355.
75. Asbaghi O, Ghanavati M, Ashtary-Larky D, et al. Effects of Folic Acid Supplementation on Oxidative Stress Markers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Antioxidants. 2021;10(6):871. doi:10.3390/antiox10060871.
76. Asbaghi O, Salehpour S, Rezaei Kelishadi M, et al. Folic acid supplementation and blood pressure: a GRADE-assessed systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of 41,633 participants. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2021;63(13):1846-1861. doi:10.1080/10408398.2021.1968787.
77. Astley SJ. Fetal alcohol syndrome prevention in Washington State: evidence of success. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2004;18(5):344-351. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3016.2004.00582.x.
78. Atac IA, Peksel A, Yanardag R, et al. The Effect of Combined Treatment with Niacin and Chromium (III) Chloride on the Different Tissues of Hyperlipemic Rats. Drug and Chemical Toxicology. 2006;29(4):363-377. doi:10.1080/01480540600820429.
79. Austgen TR. Endotoxin and Renal Glutamine Metabolism. Arch Surg. 1991;126(1):23. doi:10.1001/archsurg.1991.01410250027003.
80. Awazu M, Hida M. Folic acid supplementation alleviates reduced ureteric branching, nephrogenesis, and global DNA methylation induced by maternal nutrient restriction in rat embryonic kidney. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(4):e0230289. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0230289.
81. Ayling JE, Nair MG, Baugh CM, eds. Chemistry and Biology of Pteridines and Folates. Springer US; 1993. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-2960-6.
82. Badawy AAB. Pellagra and Alcoholism: A Biochemical Perspective. Alcohol and Alcoholism. 2014;49(3):238-250. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agu010.
83. Badawy AAB. The kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism: a neglected therapeutic target of COVID-19 pathophysiology and immunotherapy. Bioscience Reports. 2023;43(8). doi:10.1042/bsr20230595.
84. Baechle JJ, Chen N, Makhijani P, et al. Chronic inflammation and the hallmarks of aging. Molecular Metabolism. 2023;74:101755. doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101755.
85. Baek JH, Vignesh A, Son H, et al. Glutamine Supplementation Ameliorates Chronic Stress-induced Reductions in Glutamate and Glutamine Transporters in the Mouse Prefrontal Cortex. Exp Neurobiol. 2019;28(2):270-278. doi:10.5607/en.2019.28.2.270.
86. Bai X, Wang K, Khan RU, et al. Effect of Glutamine on the Growth Performance, Oxidative Stress, and Nrf2/p38 MAPK Expression in the Livers of Heat-Stressed Broilers. Animals. 2023;13(4):652. doi:10.3390/ani13040652.
87. Baker H, Frank O, Ziffer H, et al. Effect of Hepatic Disease on Liver B-Complex Vitamin Titers. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1964;14(1):1-6. doi:10.1093/ajcn/14.1.1.
88. Ballesteros J, Rivas D, Duque G. The Role of the Kynurenine Pathway in the Pathophysiology of Frailty, Sarcopenia, and Osteoporosis. Nutrients. 2023;15(14):3132. doi:10.3390/nu15143132.
89. Balls-Berry J (Joy) E, Babulal GM. Health Disparities in Dementia. CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology. 2022;28(3):872-884. doi:10.1212/con.0000000000001088.
90. Balmain BN, Jay O, Morris NR, et al. Folic acid supplementation improves vascular endothelial function, yet not skin blood flow during exercise in the heat, in patients with heart failure. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 2018;315(4):R810-R819. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00132.2018.
91. Balzer MS, Rohacs T, Susztak K. How Many Cell Types Are in the Kidney and What Do They Do? Annu Rev Physiol. 2022;84(1):507-531. doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-052521-121841.
92. Ban TA. Nicotinic Acid and Psychiatry. Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal. 1971;16(5):413-431. doi:10.1177/070674377101600506.
93. Banks M, Graham D, Jansen M, et al. British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on the diagnosis and management of patients at risk of gastric adenocarcinoma. Gut. 2019;68(9):1545-1575. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2018-318126.
94. Barbosa PR, Stabler SP, Machado ALK, et al. Association between decreased vitamin levels and MTHFR, MTR and MTRR gene polymorphisms as determinants for elevated total homocysteine concentrations in pregnant women. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2007;62(8):1010-1021. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602810.
95. Barry MJ, Nicholson WK, et al. Folic Acid Supplementation to Prevent Neural Tube Defects. JAMA. 2023;330(5):454. doi:10.1001/jama.2023.12876.
96. Barter PJ, Nicholls S, Rye KA, et al. Antiinflammatory properties of HDL. Circ Res. 2004;95(8):764-72. doi: 10.1161/01.RES.0000146094.59640.13.
97. Barter P. HDL-C: Role as a risk modifier. Atherosclerosis Supplements. 2011;12(3):267-270. doi:10.1016/s1567-5688(11)70885-6.
98. Baśkiewicz-Hałasa M, Stachowska E, Grochans E, et al. Moderate Dose Bovine Colostrum Supplementation in Prevention of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Medical University Students: A Randomized, Triple Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients. 2023;15(8):1925. doi:10.3390/nu15081925.
99. Basuliman AS, Malabarey MA, Abousamak FW, et al. Predictive value of triglycerides to high density lipoprotein ratio in patients with first attack of acute coronary syndrome. SMJ. 2023;44(4):379-384. doi:10.15537/smj.2023.44.4.20220928.
100. Baxter J, Kim Y, Snowden M. Hydrolysis of N-Acetyl-L-Glutamine by Acylase I. J Food Science. 2001;66(9):1428-1433. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.2001.tb15226.x.
101. Bays HE, Rader DJ. Does nicotinic acid (niacin) lower blood pressure? International Journal of Clinical Practice. 2009;63(1):151-159. doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2008.01934.x.
102. Bello SO, Imam MU, Bello MB, et al. Erythromycin, Retapamulin, Pyridoxine, Folic acid, and Ivermectin dose-dependently inhibit cytopathic effect, Papain-like Protease, and MPRO of SARS-CoV-2. 2022. doi:10.1101/2022.12.28.522082.
103. Bechgaard H, Jespersen S. GI Absorption of Niacin in Humans. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1977;66(6):871-872. doi:10.1002/jps.2600660635.
104. Behrens PF. Impaired glutamate transport and glutamate-glutamine cycling: downstream effects of the Huntington mutation. Brain. 2002;125(8):1908-1922. doi:10.1093/brain/awf180.
105. Bei Y, Xu T, Lv D, et al. Exercise-induced circulating extracellular vesicles protect against cardiac ischemia–reperfusion injury. Basic Res Cardiol. 2017;112(4). doi:10.1007/s00395-017-0628-z.
106. Bein A, Fadel CW, Swenor B, et al. Nutritional deficiency in an intestine-on-a-chip recapitulates injury hallmarks associated with environmental enteric dysfunction. Nat Biomed Eng. 2022;6(11):1236-1247. doi:10.1038/s41551-022-00899-x.
107. Beltrà M, Pöllänen N, Fornelli C, et al. NAD+ repletion with niacin counteracts cancer cachexia. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1). doi:10.1038/s41467-023-37595-6.
108. Beltrán Chaidez YL, Reyes Barretero DY, Flores Merino MV, et al. Effect of parenteral glutamine in patients with gastrointestinal cancer undergoing surgery. Nutr Hosp. 2019;36(1):5-12. doi:10.20960/nh.1816.
109. Benavente C, Jacobson M, Jacobson E. NAD in Skin: Therapeutic Approaches for Niacin. CPD. 2009;15(1):29-38. doi:10.2174/138161209787185760.
110. Benavente CA, Jacobson EL. Niacin restriction upregulates NADPH oxidase and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in human keratinocytes. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 2008;44(4):527-537. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.10.006.
111. Benyó Z, Gille A, Kero J, et al. GPR109A (PUMA-G/HM74A) mediates nicotinic acid–induced flushing. J Clin Invest. 2005;115(12):3634-3640. doi:10.1172/jci23626.
112. Bera GN, Chowdhury J. Effects of Niacin and Vitamin C on Blood Sugar. American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content. 1958;192(3):511-513. doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1958.192.3.511.
113. Bermudez Y, Benavente CA, Meyer RG, et al. Nicotinic Acid Receptor Abnormalities in Human Skin Cancer: Implications for a Role in Epidermal Differentiation. PLoS ONE. 2011;6(5):e20487. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020487.
114. Bermudez Y, Meyer R, Benavente C, Botta D, Jacobson M, Jacobson E. Nicotinic acid receptors as potential skin cancer prevention targets. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007;16(12_Supplement):A150. URL:https://aacrjournals.org/cebp/article/16/12_Supplement/A150/259522/Nicotinic-acid-receptors-as-potential-skin-cancer.
115. Bernier F, Kuhara T, Xiao J. Probiotic Bifidobacterium breve MCC1274 Protects against Oxidative Stress and Neuronal Lipid Droplet Formation via PLIN4 Gene Regulation. Microorganisms. 2023;11(3):791. doi:10.3390/microorganisms11030791.
116. Berns JS. Editorials: Niacin and Related Compounds for Treating Hyperphosphatemia in Dialysis Patients. Seminars in Dialysis. 2008;21(3):203-205. doi:10.1111/j.1525-139x.2008.00426.x.
117. Bertoldo MJ, Listijono DR, Ho WHJ, et al. NAD+ Repletion Rescues Female Fertility during Reproductive Aging. Cell Reports. 2020;30(6):1670-1681.e7. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.058.
118. Bhagavan NV, Ha CE. Nucleotide Metabolism. Essentials of Medical Biochemistry. 2015:465-487. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-416687-5.00025-7.
119. Bhandari D, Kachhap S, Madhukar G, et al. Exploring GPR109A Receptor Interaction with Hippuric Acid Using MD Simulations and CD Spectroscopy. IJMS. 2022;23(23):14778. doi:10.3390/ijms232314778.
120. Bhargava A, Bhargava M, Meher A, et al. Nutritional supplementation to prevent tuberculosis incidence in household contacts of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in India (RATIONS): a field-based, open-label, cluster-randomised, controlled trial. The Lancet. 2023. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(23)01231-x.
121. Bhasin S, Seals D, Migaud M, et al. Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide in Aging Biology: Potential Applications and Many Unknowns. Endocrine Reviews. 2023. doi:10.1210/endrev/bnad019.
122. Bhatt B, Zeng P, Zhu H, et al. Gpr109a Limits Microbiota-Induced IL-23 Production To Constrain ILC3-Mediated Colonic Inflammation. The Journal of Immunology. 2018;200(8):2905-2914. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1701625.
123. Bilgili SG, Karadag AS, Calka O, et al. Isoniazid-induced pellagra. Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology. 2011;30(4):317-319. doi:10.3109/15569527.2011.574303.
124. Birjmohun RS, Hutten BA, Kastelein JJP, et al. Efficacy and safety of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol-increasing compounds. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2005;45(2):185-197. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.10.031.
125. Blaauw R, Nel DG, Schleicher GK. Plasma Glutamine Levels in Relation to Intensive Care Unit Patient Outcome. Nutrients. 2020;12(2):402. doi:10.3390/nu12020402.
126. Blad CC, Tang C, Offermanns S. G protein-coupled receptors for energy metabolites as new therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2012;11(8):603-619. doi:10.1038/nrd3777.
127. Blankfield RP, Iftikhar IH. Concerning Niacin in Current Clinical Practice. The American Journal of Medicine. 2017;130(8):e347. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2017.02.039.
128. Blehaut H, Mircher C, Ravel A, et al. Effect of Leucovorin (Folinic Acid) on the Developmental Quotient of Children with Down’s Syndrome (Trisomy 21) and Influence of Thyroid Status. PLoS ONE. 2010;5(1):e8394. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008394.
129. Block T, Kuo J. Rationale for Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) Metabolome Disruption as a Pathogenic Mechanism of Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome. Clin Med Insights Pathol. 2022;15:2632010X2211069. doi:10.1177/2632010x221106986.
130. Bobrowski-Khoury N, Sequeira JM, Quadros EV. Brain Uptake of Folate Forms in the Presence of Folate Receptor Alpha Antibodies in Young Rats: Folate and Antibody Distribution. Nutrients. 2023;15(5):1167. doi:10.3390/nu15051167.
131. Bodineau C, Tomé M, Courtois S, et al. Two parallel pathways connect glutamine metabolism and mTORC1 activity to regulate glutamoptosis. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1). doi:10.1038/s41467-021-25079-4.
132. Bodineau C, Tomé M, Murdoch P del S, et al. Glutamine, MTOR and autophagy: a multiconnection relationship. Autophagy. 2022;18(11):2749-2750. doi:10.1080/15548627.2022.2062875.
133. Bogan KL, Brenner C. Nicotinic Acid, Nicotinamide, and Nicotinamide Riboside: A Molecular Evaluation of NAD+ Precursor Vitamins in Human Nutrition. Annu Rev Nutr. 2008;28(1):115-130. doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.28.061807.155443.
134. Bojic D, Vellanki R, Hough O, et al. (234) Human Pulmonary Endothelial Function is Improved by Nutrient Supplementation in Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion Perfusates. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation. 2023;42(4):S115. doi:10.1016/j.healun.2023.02.1538.
135. Bollet AJ. Politics and pellagra: the epidemic of pellagra in the US in the early twentieth century. The Yale journal of biology and medicine. 1992 May;65(3):211.
136. Bonelli R, Jackson VE, Prasad A, et al. Identification of genetic factors influencing metabolic dysregulation and retinal support for MacTel, a retinal disorder. Commun Biol. 2021;4(1). doi:10.1038/s42003-021-01788-w.
137. Bongers T, Griffiths RD, McArdle A. Exogenous glutamine: The clinical evidence. Critical Care Medicine. 2007;35(Suppl):S545-S552. doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000279193.23737.06.
138. Bordone L, Motta MC, Picard F, et al. Sirt1 Regulates Insulin Secretion by Repressing UCP2 in Pancreatic β Cells. PLoS Biol. 2005;4(2):e31. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040031.
139. Bornstein R, Mulholland MT, Sedensky M, et al. Glutamine metabolism in diseases associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. x. 2023;126:103887. doi:10.1016/j.mcn.2023.103887.
140. Botta C, Acquadro A, Greppi A, et al. Genomic assessment in Lactobacillus plantarum links the butyrogenic pathway with glutamine metabolism. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-017-16186-8.
141. Bouma G, van Faassen M, Kats-Ugurlu G, et al. Niacin (Vitamin B3) Supplementation in Patients with Serotonin-Producing Neuroendocrine Tumor. Neuroendocrinology. 2015;103(5):489-494. doi:10.1159/000440621.
142. Boursier J, Mueller O, Barret M, et al. The severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with gut dysbiosis and shift in the metabolic function of the gut microbiota. Hepatology. 2016;63(3):764-775. doi:10.1002/hep.28356.
143. Boza JJ, Dangin M, Moënnoz D, et al. Free and protein-bound glutamine have identical splanchnic extraction in healthy human volunteers. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology. 2001;281(1):G267-G274. doi:10.1152/ajpgi.2001.281.1.g267.
144. Bo-Htay C, Palee S, Apaijai N, et al. Effects of d-galactose-induced ageing on the heart and its potential interventions. J Cell Mol Med. 2018;22(3):1392-1410. doi:10.1111/jcmm.13472.
145. Braidy N, Berg J, Clement J, et al. Role of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide and Related Precursors as Therapeutic Targets for Age-Related Degenerative Diseases: Rationale, Biochemistry, Pharmacokinetics, and Outcomes. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling. 2019;30(2):251-294. doi:10.1089/ars.2017.7269.
146. Braidy N, Lim CK, Grant R, et al. Serum nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide levels through disease course in multiple sclerosis. Brain Research. 2013;1537:267-272. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2013.08.025.
147. Braidy N, Liu Y. NAD+ therapy in age-related degenerative disorders: A benefit/risk analysis. Experimental Gerontology. 2020;132:110831. doi:10.1016/j.exger.2020.110831.
148. Braidy N, Villalva MD, Eeden S van. Sobriety and Satiety: Is NAD+ the Answer? Antioxidants. 2020;9(5):425. doi:10.3390/antiox9050425.
149. Brasse-Lagnel C, Lavoinne A, Husson A. Control of mammalian gene expression by amino acids, especially glutamine. FEBS j. 2009;276(7):1826-1844. doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.06920.x.
150. Brattström LE, Israelsson B, Jeppsson JO, et al. Folic acid—an innocuous means to reduce plasma homocysteine. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 1988;48(3):215-221. doi:10.3109/00365518809167487.
151. Brister D, Rose S, Delhey L, et al. Metabolomic Signatures of Autism Spectrum Disorder. JPM. 2022;12(10):1727. doi:10.3390/jpm12101727.
152. Brivio P, Paladini MS, Racagni G, et al. From Healthy Aging to Frailty: In Search of the Underlying Mechanisms. CMC. 2019;26(20):3685-3701. doi:10.2174/0929867326666190717152739.
153. Brocardo PS, Budni J, Pavesi E, et al. Folic acid administration prevents ouabain-induced hyperlocomotion and alterations in oxidative stress markers in the rat brain. Bipolar Disorders. 2010;12(4):414-424. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2010.00827.x.
154. Brock S, Jackson DB, Soldatos TG, et al. Whole patient knowledge modeling of COVID-19 symptomatology reveals common molecular mechanisms. Front Mol Med. 2023;2. doi:10.3389/fmmed.2022.1035290.
155. Brock VJ, Wolf IMA, Er-Lukowiak M, et al. P2X4 and P2X7 are essential players in basal T cell activity and Ca2+signaling milliseconds after T cell activation. Sci Adv. 2022;8(5). doi:10.1126/sciadv.abl9770.
156. Brown LR jr, Wachtel LW, Wheatcroft MG. Diffusion of Niacin through Extracted Human Teeth and its Effect on Bacterial Penetration into Dentin. J Dent Res. 1962;41(3):684-694. doi:10.1177/00220345620410032201.
157. Brown OR, Yein F, Boehme D, et al. Oxygen poisoning of NAD biosynthesis: A proposed site of cellular oxygen toxicity. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1979;91(3):982-990. doi:10.1016/0006-291x(79)91976-4.
158. Brown SL, Sobel BE, Fujii S. Attenuation of the Synthesis of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Type 1 by Niacin. Circulation. 1995;92(4):767-772. doi:10.1161/01.cir.92.4.767.
159. Brown-Lyons AL. Neural immune cell responses to clinically relevant ligands of the niacin receptor (Gpr109a): niacin and monomethyl fumarate. Master’s Thesis, Neuroscience, Keele University. 2023. URL:https://keele-repository.worktribe.com/output/518848/neural-immune-cell-responses-to-clinically-relevant-ligands-of-the-niacin-receptor-gpr109a-niacin-and-monomethyl-fumarate.
160. Bruins FM, Van Acht MR, Bronckers IMGJ, et al. Real-world Methotrexate Use in a Prospective Cohort of Paediatric Patients with Plaque Psoriasis: Effectiveness, Adverse Events and Folic Acid Regimen. Acta Derm Venereol. 2022:adv00745. doi:10.2340/actadv.v102.1000.
161. Brusilow WSA. Is Huntington’s a Glutamine Storage Disease? Neuroscientist. 2006;12(4):300-304. doi:10.1177/1073858406289639.
162. Budni J, Molz S, Dal-Cim T, et al. Folic Acid Protects Against Glutamate-Induced Excitotoxicity in Hippocampal Slices Through a Mechanism that Implicates Inhibition of GSK-3β and iNOS. Mol Neurobiol. 2017;55(2):1580-1589. doi:10.1007/s12035-017-0425-6.
163. Budni J, Pacheco R, da Silva S, et al. Oral administration of d-galactose induces cognitive impairments and oxidative damage in rats. Behavioural Brain Research. 2016;302:35-43. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2015.12.041.
164. Buglak AA, Kapitonova MA, Vechtomova YL, et al. Insights into Molecular Structure of Pterins Suitable for Biomedical Applications. IJMS. 2022;23(23):15222. doi:10.3390/ijms232315222.
165. Bugnicourt JM, Godefroy O, Chillon JM, et al. Cognitive Disorders and Dementia in CKD. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2013;24(3):353-363. doi:10.1681/asn.2012050536.
166. Bumgarner JR, Nelson RJ. Light at Night and Disrupted Circadian Rhythms Alter Physiology and Behavior. Integrative and Comparative Biology. 2021;61(3):1160-1169. doi:10.1093/icb/icab017.
167. Bumgarner JR, Walker WH II, Nelson RJ. Circadian rhythms and pain. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2021;129:296-306. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.08.004.
168. Burg T, Van Den Bosch L. Abnormal energy metabolism in ALS: a key player? Current Opinion in Neurology. 2023;36(4):338-345. doi:10.1097/wco.0000000000001164.
169. Burgess JE, Quarmby J, Stephenson T. Micronutrient supplements for optimisation of the treatment of industrial wastewater using activated sludge. Water Research. 1999;33(18):3707-3714. doi:10.1016/s0043-1354(99)00094-9.
170. Burtscher J, Romani M, Bernardo G, et al. Boosting mitochondrial health to counteract neurodegeneration. Progress in Neurobiology. 2022;215:102289. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102289.
171. Bustamante S, Yau Y, Boys V, et al. Tryptophan Metabolism ‘Hub’ Gene Expression Associates with Increased Inflammation and Severe Disease Outcomes in COVID-19 Infection and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. IJMS. 2022;23(23):14776. doi:10.3390/ijms232314776.
172. Buttrose M, McKellar D, Welbourne TC. Gut-liver interaction in glutamine homeostasis: portal ammonia role in uptake and metabolism. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1987;252(6):E746-E750. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1987.252.6.e746
173. Butts M, Singh Paulraj R, Haynes J, et al. Moderate Alcohol Consumption Inhibits Sodium-Dependent Glutamine Co-Transport in Rat Intestinal Epithelial Cells in Vitro and Ex Vivo. Nutrients. 2019;11(10):2516. doi:10.3390/nu11102516.
174. Cacace AT, Hu J, Romero S, et al. Glutamate is down-regulated and tinnitus loudness-levels decreased following rTMS over auditory cortex of the left hemisphere: A prospective randomized single-blinded sham-controlled cross-over study. Hearing Research. 2018;358:59-73. doi:10.1016/j.heares.2017.10.017.
175. Cadenas E, Davies KJA. Mitochondrial free radical generation, oxidative stress, and aging11This article is dedicated to the memory of our dear friend, colleague, and mentor Lars Ernster (1920–1998), in gratitude for all he gave to us. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 2000;29(3-4):222-230. doi:10.1016/s0891-5849(00)00317-8.
176. Caffrey A, McNulty H, Irwin RE, et al. Maternal folate nutrition and offspring health: evidence and current controversies. Proc Nutr Soc. 2018;78(02):208-220. doi:10.1017/s0029665118002689.
177. Cai L, Ke C, Lin Z, et al. Prognostic value of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) metabolic genes in patients with stomach adenocarcinoma based on bioinformatics analysis. J Gastrointest Oncol. 2022;13(6):2845-2862. doi:10.21037/jgo-22-1092.
178. Calabrese V, Cornelius C, Leso V, et al. Oxidative stress, glutathione status, sirtuin and cellular stress response in type 2 diabetes. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease. 2012;1822(5):729-736. doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.12.003.
179. Calder PC, Yaqoob P. Glutamine and the immune system. Amino Acids. 1999;17(3):227-241. doi:10.1007/bf01366922.
180. Calderón Guzmán D, Osnaya Brizuela N, Ortiz Herrera M, et al. Folic acid increases levels of GHS in brain of rats with oxidative stress induced with 3-nitropropionic acid. Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry. 2018;126(1):1-6. doi:10.1080/13813455.2018.1484771.
181. Caldwell MD. Local glutamine metabolism in wounds and inflammation. Metabolism. 1989;38(8):34-39. doi:10.1016/0026-0495(89)90137-6.
182. Camacho-Pereira J, Tarragó MG, Chini CCS, et al. CD38 Dictates Age-Related NAD Decline and Mitochondrial Dysfunction through an SIRT3-Dependent Mechanism. Cell Metabolism. 2016;23(6):1127-1139. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2016.05.006.
183. Campagna R, Vignini A. NAD+ Homeostasis and NAD+-Consuming Enzymes: Implications for Vascular Health. Antioxidants. 2023;12(2):376. doi:10.3390/antiox12020376.
184. Campelj D, Philp A. NAD+ Therapeutics and Skeletal Muscle Adaptation to Exercise in Humans. Sports Med. 2022;52(S1):91-99. doi:10.1007/s40279-022-01772-.
185. Canner PL, Berge KG, Wenger NK, et al. Fifteen year mortality in Coronary Drug Project patients: Long-term benefit with niacin. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1986;8(6):1245-1255. doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(86)80293-5.
186. Cao S, Hung YW, Wang YC, et al. Glutamine is essential for overcoming the immunosuppressive microenvironment in malignant salivary gland tumors. Theranostics. 2022;12(13):6038-6056. doi:10.7150/thno.73896.
187. Castell LM, Newsholme EA. Glutamine and the effects of exhaustive exercise upon the immune response. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1998;76(5):524-532. doi:10.1139/y98-054.
188. Catargi B, Parrot-Roulaud F, Cochet C, et al. Homocysteine, Hypothyroidism, and Effect of Thyroid Hormone Replacement. Thyroid. 1999;9(12):1163-1166. doi:10.1089/thy.1999.9.1163.
189. Cavalcante AAM, de Vasconcelos PRL. Enteral Nutrition Supplemented with l-glutamine in Patients with Sepsis. Glutamine in Clinical Nutrition. 2014:169-179. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1932-1_13.
190. Cayer D, Cody S. URINARY EXCRETION OF NIACIN AND RIBOFLAVIN IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE INFECTIONS AND VARIOUS CHRONIC DISEASES. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1948;215(3):273-277. doi:10.1097/00000441-194803000-00005.
191. Cengiz M, Borku Uysal B, Ikitimur H, et al. Effect of oral l-Glutamine supplementation on Covid-19 treatment. Clinical Nutrition Experimental. 2020;33:24-31. doi:10.1016/j.yclnex.2020.07.003.
192. Cerletti P, Keidel D, Imboden M, et al. The modifying role of physical activity in the cross-sectional and longitudinal association of health-related quality of life with physiological functioning-based latent classes and metabolic syndrome. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2020;18(1). doi:10.1186/s12955-020-01557-z.
193. Cerna D, Li H, Flaherty S, et al. Inhibition of Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) Activity by Small Molecule GMX1778 Regulates Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)-mediated Cytotoxicity in a p53- and Nicotinic Acid Phosphoribosyltransferase1 (NAPRT1)-dependent Manner. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2012;287(26):22408-22417. doi:10.1074/jbc.m112.357301.
194. Cerutti R, Pirinen E, Lamperti C, et al. NAD+-Dependent Activation of Sirt1 Corrects the Phenotype in a Mouse Model of Mitochondrial Disease. Cell Metabolism. 2014;19(6):1042-1049. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2014.04.001.
195. Cesarone MR, Belcaro G, Di Renzo A, et al. Prevention of Influenza Episodes With Colostrum Compared With Vaccination in Healthy and High-Risk Cardiovascular Subjects. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2007;13(2):130-136. doi:10.1177/1076029606295957.
196. Chai JT, Digby JE, Choudhury RP. GPR109A and Vascular Inflammation. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2013;15(5). doi:10.1007/s11883-013-0325-9.
197. Chai JT, Digby JE, Ruparelia N, et al. Nicotinic Acid Receptor GPR109A Is Down-Regulated in Human Macrophage-Derived Foam Cells. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(5):e62934. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062934.
198. Chamberlain JG, Nelson MM. Multiple Congenital Abnormalities in the Rat Resulting from Acute Maternal Niacin Deficiency During Pregnancy. s. 1963;112(4):836-840. doi:10.3181/00379727-112-28183.
199. Chambers JC, Ueland PM, Obeid OA, et al. Improved Vascular Endothelial Function After Oral B Vitamins. Circulation. 2000;102(20):2479-2483. doi:10.1161/01.cir.102.20.2479.
200. Chan MC, Spieth PM, Quinn K, et l. Circadian rhythms. Critical Care Medicine. 2012;40(1):246-253. doi:10.1097/ccm.0b013e31822f0abe.
201. Chang J, Wu T, Greenfield JR, et al. Effects of Intraduodenal Glutamine on Incretin Hormone and Insulin Release, the Glycemic Response to an Intraduodenal Glucose Infusion, and Antropyloroduodenal Motility in Health and Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(8):2262-2265. doi:10.2337/dc12-1663.
202. Chanvillard L, Tammaro A, Sorrentino V. NAD+ Metabolism and Interventions in Premature Renal Aging and Chronic Kidney Disease. Cells. 2022;12(1):21. doi:10.3390/cells12010021.
203. Charan HV, Dwivedi DK, Khan S, et al. Mechanisms of NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated hepatic stellate cell activation: Therapeutic potential for liver fibrosis. Genes & Diseases. 2023;10(2):480-494. doi:10.1016/j.gendis.2021.12.006.
204. Cheda A, Nowosielska EM, Gebicki J, et al. A derivative of vitamin B3 applied several days after exposure reduces lethality of severely irradiated mice. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-021-86870-3.
205. Chellappa K, McReynolds MR, Lu W, et al. NAD precursors cycle between host tissues and the gut microbiome. Cell Metabolism. 2022;34(12):1947-1959.e5. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2022.11.004.
206. Chen G, Huang B, Fu S, et al. G Protein-Coupled Receptor 109A and Host Microbiota Modulate Intestinal Epithelial Integrity During Sepsis. Front Immunol. 2018;9. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.02079.
207. Chen H, Assmann JC, Krenz A, et al. Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 mediates dimethyl fumarate’s protective effect in EAE. J Clin Invest. 2014;124(5):2188-2192. doi:10.1172/jci72151.
208. Chen H, Qin L, Gao R, et al. Neurodevelopmental effects of maternal folic acid supplementation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2021;63(19):3771-3787. doi:10.1080/10408398.2021.1993781.
209. Chen H, Zhou H, Yang J, et al. Guhong injection mitigates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by activating GST P to inhibit ASK1-JNK/p38 pathway. Phytomedicine. 2023;109:154603. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154603.
210. Chen HK, Luo J, Li XJ, et al. Serum folate associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and advanced hepatic fibrosis. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-023-39641-1.
211. Chen HY, Tsai WC, Chiu YL, et al. Triglyceride to High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Ratio Predicts Cardiovascular Outcomes in Prevalent Dialysis Patients. Medicine. 2015;94(10):e619. doi:10.1097/md.0000000000000619.
212. Chen J, Chen Y, Vail G, et al. The impact of glutamine supplementation on the symptoms of ataxia-telangiectasia: a preclinical assessment. Mol Neurodegeneration. 2016;11(1). doi:10.1186/s13024-016-0127-y.
213. Chen J, Herrup K. Glutamine Acts as a Neuroprotectant against DNA Damage, Beta-Amyloid and H2O2-Induced Stress. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(3):e33177. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033177.
214. Chen J, Herrup K. Glutamine as a Potential Neuroprotectant in Alzheimer’s Disease. Diet and Nutrition in Dementia and Cognitive Decline. 2015:761-771. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-407824-6.00070-7.
215. Chen J, Lin T, Zhang S, et al. Niacin/β-hydroxybutyrate regulates milk fat and milk protein synthesis via the GPR109A/Gi/mTORC1 pathway. Food Funct. 2023;14(6):2642-2656. doi:10.1039/d3fo00127j.
216. Chen J, Venkat P, Zacharek A, et al. Neurorestorative Therapy for Stroke. Front Hum Neurosci. 2014;8. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00382.
217. Chen J, Vitetta L, Henson JD, et al. The intestinal microbiota and improving the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccinations. Journal of Functional Foods. 2021;87:104850. doi:10.1016/j.jff.2021.104850.
218. Chen JR, Zhao H, Wankhade UD, et al. GPR109A mediates the effects of hippuric acid on regulating osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption in mice. Commun Biol. 2021;4(1). doi:10.1038/s42003-020-01564-2.
219. Chen Q, Kirk K, Shurubor YI, et al. Rewiring of Glutamine Metabolism Is a Bioenergetic Adaptation of Human Cells with Mitochondrial DNA Mutations. Cell Metabolism. 2018;27(5):1007-1025.e5. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2018.03.002.
220. Chen S, Tumurkhuu G, Dagvadorj J, et al. NLRP3 Inflammasome Inhibits Cholesterol Efflux in Macrophages by Down-Regulating Gpr109a Expression: A Novel Pro-Atherogenic Mechanism. Circulation. 2017;136(suppl_1):A20708. doi:10.1161/circ.136.suppl_1.20708.
221. Chen S, Wang N, Xiong S, et al. The correlation between primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and gut microbiota: a pilot study towards predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine. . 2023. doi:10.1007/s13167-023-00336-2.
222. Chen TH, Wang JJ. Niacin Pretreatment Attenuates Ischemia and Reperfusion of Pancreas-induced Acute Pancreatitis and Remote Lung Injury Through Suppressing Oxidative Stress and Inflammation and Activation of SIRT1. Transplantation Proceedings. 2018;50(9):2860-2863. doi:10.1016/j.transproceed.2018.03.052.
223. Chen X, Hu Y, Cao Z, et al. Cerebrospinal Fluid Inflammatory Cytokine Aberrations in Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Immunol. 2018;9. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.02122.
224. Chen X, Wu W, Wang Y, et al. Development of prognostic indicator based on NAD+ metabolism related genes in glioma. Front Surg. 2023;10. doi:10.3389/fsurg.2023.1071259.
225. Chen Y, Wei J, Qin R, et al. Folic acid: a potential inhibitor against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein. Pharmaceutical Biology. 2022;60(1):862-878. doi:10.1080/13880209.2022.2063341.
226. Chen Y, Ye X, Escames G, et al. The NLRP3 inflammasome: contributions to inflammation-related diseases. Cell Mol Biol Lett. 2023;28(1). doi:10.1186/s11658-023-00462-9.
227. Chen Z, Chen G, Qin H, et al. Higher triglyceride to high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio increases cardiovascular risk: 10‐year prospective study in a cohort of Chinese adults. J Diabetes Investig. 2019;11(2):475-481. doi:10.1111/jdi.13118.
228. Cheng J, Deng Y, Yu J. The causal role of circulating amino acids on neurodegenerative disorders: A two‐sample Mendelian randomization study. Journal of Neurochemistry. 2023. doi:10.1111/jnc.15937.
229. Cheng Y, Wang C, Zhang X, et al. Circulating homocysteine and folate concentrations and risk of type 2 diabetes: A retrospective observational study in Chinese adults and a Mendelian randomization analysis. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022;9. doi:10.3389/fcvm.2022.978998.
230. Cheon SY, Song J. Novel insights into non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and dementia: insulin resistance, hyperammonemia, gut dysbiosis, vascular impairment, and inflammation. Cell Biosci. 2022;12(1). doi:10.1186/s13578-022-00836-0.
231. Chesney CM, Elam MB, Herd JA, et al. Effect of niacin, warfarin, and antioxidant therapy on coagulation parameters in patients with peripheral arterial disease in the Arterial Disease Multiple Intervention Trial (ADMIT). American Heart Journal. 2000;140(4):631-636. doi:10.1067/mhj.2000.109648.
232. Chidambaram V, Kumar A, Majella MG, et al. HDL cholesterol levels and susceptibility to COVID-19. eBioMedicine. 2022;82:104166. doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104166.
233. Child DF, Hudson PR, Jones H, et al. The effect of oral folic acid on glutathione, glycaemia and lipids in Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes, Nutrition & Metabolism. 2004;17(2):95-102. URL:https://europepmc.org/article/med/15244101.
234. Chini EN. Of Mice and Men: NAD+ Boosting with Niacin Provides Hope for Mitochondrial Myopathy Patients. Cell Metabolism. 2020;31(6):1041-1043. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2020.05.013.
235. Cho K, Kim H, Kamanna VS, et al. Niacin improves renal lipid metabolism and slows progression in chronic kidney disease. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects. 2010;1800(1):6-15. doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.10.009.
236. Cho K, Kim H, Rodriguez-Iturbe B, et al. Niacin ameliorates oxidative stress, inflammation, proteinuria, and hypertension in rats with chronic renal failure. American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology. 2009;297(1):F106-F113. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00126.2009.
237. Choi SW, Mason JB. Folate Status: Effects on Pathways of Colorectal Carcinogenesis. The Journal of Nutrition. 2002;132(8):2413S-2418S. doi:10.1093/jn/132.8.2413s.
238. Chollet F. Pharmacologic approaches to cerebral aging and neuroplasticity: insights from the stroke model. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 2013;15(1):67-76. doi:10.31887/dcns.2013.15.1/fchollet.
239. Chong R, Wakade C, Seamon M, et al. Niacin Enhancement for Parkinson’s Disease: An Effectiveness Trial. Front Aging Neurosci. 2021;13. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.667032.
240. Chou YC, Wu MH, Yu JC, et al. Genetic polymorphisms of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene, plasma folate levels and breast cancer susceptibility: a case-control study in Taiwan. Carcinogenesis. 2006;27(11):2295-2300. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgl108.
241. Chudzik M, Burzyńska M, Kapusta J. Use of 1-MNA to Improve Exercise Tolerance and Fatigue in Patients after COVID-19. Nutrients. 2022;14(15):3004. doi:10.3390/nu14153004.
242. Cimaglia G, Votruba M, Morgan JE, et al. Potential Therapeutic Benefit of NAD+ Supplementation for Glaucoma and Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Nutrients. 2020;12(9):2871. doi:10.3390/nu12092871.
243. Clarke R, Armitage J. Vitamin Supplements and Cardiovascular Risk: Review of the Randomized Trials of Homocysteine-Lowering Vitamin Supplements. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2000;26(3):341-348. doi:10.1055/s-2000-8101.
244. Clauss M, Skattebo Ø, Dæhli MR, et al. Carbohydrate Ingestion during Prolonged Cycling Improves Next-Day Time Trial Performance and Alters Amino Acid Concentrations. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2023. doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000003264.
245. Clifton HL, Inceoglu B, Ma L, et al. TRPV1 Channels Are Involved in Niacin-induced Cutaneous Vasodilation in Mice. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 2015;65(2):184-191. doi:10.1097/fjc.0000000000000181.
246. Cianciolo G, De Pascalis A, Di Lullo L, et al. Folic Acid and Homocysteine in Chronic Kidney Disease and Cardiovascular Disease Progression: Which Comes First. Cardiorenal Med. 2017;7(4):255-266. doi:10.1159/000471813.
247. Cicatiello AG, Sagliocchi S, Nappi A, et al. Thyroid hormone regulates glutamine metabolism and anaplerotic fluxes by inducing mitochondrial glutamate aminotransferase GPT2. Cell Reports. 2022;38(8):110409. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110409.
248. Cieślik E, Cieślik I. Occurrence and significance of folic acid. Pteridines. 2018;29(1):187-195. doi:10.1515/pteridines-2018-0017.
249. Cochran DM, Sikoglu EM, Hodge SM, et al. Relationship among Glutamine, γ-Aminobutyric Acid, and Social Cognition in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2015;25(4):314-322. doi:10.1089/cap.2014.0112.
250. Cockerham MB, Weinberger BB, Lerchie SB. Oral Glutamine for the Prevention of Oral Mucositis Associated with High-Dose Paclitaxel and Melphalan for Autologous Bone Marrow Transplantation. Ann Pharmacother. 2000;34(3):300-303. doi:10.1345/aph.19168.
251. Coëffier M, Hecketsweiler B, Hecketsweiler P, et al. Effect of glutamine on water and sodium absorption in human jejunum at baseline and during PGE1-induced secretion. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2005;98(6):2163-2168. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00761.2004.
252. Coelho CRF. Effect of glutamine supplementation in elderly people with emphasis on sarcopenia, immunity and hypertrophy: a concise systematic review. IJN. 2023;16(1). doi:10.54448/ijn23108.
253. Coëffier M, Leplingard A, Marion R, et al. Acute Enteral Glutamine Infusion Enhances Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression in Human Duodenal Mucosa. The Journal of Nutrition. 2002;132(9):2570-2573. doi:10.1093/jn/132.9.2570.
254. Conde-Pipó J, Bouzas C, Mariscal-Arcas M, et al. Association between Functional Fitness and Health-Related Quality of Life in the Balearic Islands’ Old Adults with Metabolic Syndrome. Nutrients. 2022;14(9):1798. doi:10.3390/nu14091798.
255. Cone CJ, Bachyrycz AM, Murata GH. Hepatotoxicity Associated with Metformin Therapy in Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Ann Pharmacother. 2010;44(10):1655-1659. doi:10.1345/aph.1p099.
256. Connolly BA, O’Connell DP, Lamon-Fava S, et al. The high-fat high-fructose hamster as an animal model for niacin’s biological activities in humans. Metabolism. 2013;62(12):1840-1849. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2013.08.001.
257. Coppen A, Bolander-Gouaille C. Treatment of depression: time to consider folic acid and vitamin B12. J Psychopharmacol. 2005;19(1):59-65. doi:10.1177/0269881105048899.
258. Cordero A, Muñoz-García N, Padró T, et al. HDL Function and Size in Patients with On-Target LDL Plasma Levels and a First-Onset ACS. IJMS. 2023;24(6):5391. doi:10.3390/ijms24065391.
259. Cosín-Roger J, Ortiz-Masia D, Barrachina MD, et al. Metabolite Sensing GPCRs: Promising Therapeutic Targets for Cancer Treatment? Cells. 2020;9(11):2345. doi:10.3390/cells9112345.
260. Couturier A, Ringseis R, Most E, et al. Pharmacological doses of niacin stimulate the expression of genes involved in carnitine uptake and biosynthesis and improve the carnitine status of obese Zucker rats. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol. 2014;15(1). doi:10.1186/2050-6511-15-37.
261. Covarrubias AJ, Perrone R, Grozio A, et al. NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2020;22(2):119-141. doi:10.1038/s41580-020-00313-x.
262. Creeke PI, Dibari F, Cheung E, et al. Whole Blood NAD and NADP Concentrations Are Not Depressed in Subjects with Clinical Pellagra. The Journal of Nutrition. 2007;137(9):2013-2017. doi:10.1093/jn/137.9.2013.
263. Cresce ND, Mcmanus KA, Sifri CD, et al. Encephalopathy despite thiamine repletion during alcohol withdrawal. CCJM. 2014;81(6):350-352. doi:10.3949/ccjm.81a.13103.
264. Crook MA. The importance of recognizing pellagra (niacin deficiency) as it still occurs. Nutrition. 2014;30(6):729-730. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2014.03.004.
265. Crowston J, Trounce I. Relief for retinal neurons under pressure. Science. 2017;355(6326):688-689. doi:10.1126/science.aam7935.
266. Crunkhorn S. Vitamin B3 blocks glaucoma. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2017;16(4):240-240. doi:10.1038/nrd.2017.51.
267. Cruzat VF. Glutamine and Skeletal Muscle. Nutrition and Skeletal Muscle. 2019:299-313. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-810422-4.00017-8.
268. Cruzat VF, Bittencourt A, Scomazzon SP, et al. Oral free and dipeptide forms of glutamine supplementation attenuate oxidative stress and inflammation induced by endotoxemia. Nutrition. 2014;30(5):602-611. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2013.10.019.
269. Cruzat VF, Pantaleão LC, Donato J Jr, et al. Oral supplementations with free and dipeptide forms of l-glutamine in endotoxemic mice: effects on muscle glutamine-glutathione axis and heat shock proteins. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. 2014;25(3):345-352. doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.11.009.
270. Cruzat VF, Tirapegui J. Effects of oral supplementation with glutamine and alanyl-glutamine on glutamine, glutamate, and glutathione status in trained rats and subjected to long-duration exercise. Nutrition. 2009;25(4):428-435. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2008.09.014.
271. Cui X, Chopp M, Zacharek A, et al. Niacin Treatment of Stroke Increases Synaptic Plasticity and Axon Growth in Rats. Stroke. 2010;41(9):2044-2049. doi:10.1161/strokeaha.110.589333.
272. Cundra LB, Vallabhaneni M, Saadeh M, et al. Immunomodulation strategies against COVID-19 evidence: key nutrients and dietary approaches. Exploration of Medicine. 2023:189-206. doi:10.37349/emed.2023.00133.
273. Curthoys NP, Watford M. Regulation of Glutaminase Activity and Glutamine Metabolism. Annu Rev Nutr. 1995;15(1):133-159. doi:10.1146/annurev.nu.15.070195.001025.
274. Cushman M, Callas PW, Alexander KS, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and cognitive impairment: A prospective cohort study. PLoS ONE. 2023;18(4):e0282633. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0282633.
275. Córdova-Martínez A, Caballero-García A, Bello HJ, et al. Effect of Glutamine Supplementation on Muscular Damage Biomarkers in Professional Basketball Players. Nutrients. 2021;13(6):2073. doi:10.3390/nu13062073.
276. Culig L, Chu X, Bohr VA. Neurogesnesis in aging and age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Ageing Research Reviews. 2022;78:101636. doi:10.1016/j.arr.2022.101636.
277. Curi TCP, De Melo MP, De Azevedo RB, et al. Glutamine utilization by rat neutrophils: presence of phosphate-dependent glutaminase. American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology. 1997;273(4):C1124-C1129. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.1997.273.4.c1124.
278. Cziraky MJ, Watson KE, Talbert RL. Targeting Low HDL-Cholesterol to Decrease Residual Cardiovascular Risk in the Managed Care Setting. JMCP. 2008;14(8 Supp A):1-31. doi:10.18553/jmcp.2008.14.s8-a.1.
279. Da Silva IDCG, de Castro Levatti EV, Pedroso AP, et al. Biochemical phenotyping of multiple myeloma patients at diagnosis reveals a disorder of mitochondrial complexes I and II and a Hartnup-like disturbance as underlying conditions, also influencing different stages of the disease. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-020-75862-4.
280. Da Silva R, de Sarges KML, Cantanhede MHD, et al. Thrombophilia and Immune-Related Genetic Markers in Long COVID. Viruses. 2023;15(4):885. doi:10.3390/v15040885.
281. Dai SF, Wang LK, Wen AY, et al. Dietary glutamine supplementation improves growth performance, meat quality and colour stability of broilers under heat stress. British Poultry Science. 2009;50(3):333-340. doi:10.1080/00071660902806947.
282. Dai Y, Lin J, Ren J, et al. NAD+ metabolism in peripheral neuropathic pain. Neurochemistry International. 2022;161:105435. doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105435.
283. Dalmasso MC, Arán M, Galeano P, et al. Nicotinamide as potential biomarker for Alzheimer’s disease: A translational study based on metabolomics. Front Mol Biosci. 2023;9. doi:10.3389/fmolb.2022.1067296.
284. Damkier P. Pledging my time: In utero exposure to acetaminophen and childhood neurodevelopment. Paediatric Perinatal Epid. 2023;37(5):485-486. doi:10.1111/ppe.12985.
285. Dammermann W, Zhang B, Nebel M, et al. NAADP-mediated Ca 2+ signaling via type 1 ryanodine receptor in T cells revealed by a synthetic NAADP antagonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009;106(26):10678-10683. doi:10.1073/pnas.0809997106.
286. Darmaun D, Rongier M, Koziet J, et al. Glutamine nitrogen kinetics in insulin-dependent diabetic humans. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1991;261(6):E713-E718. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1991.261.6.e713.
287. Davis LC, Morgan AJ, Galione A. NAADP-regulated two‐pore channels drive phagocytosis through endo‐lysosomal Ca 2+ nanodomains, calcineurin and dynamin. The EMBO Journal. 2020;39(14). doi:10.15252/embj.2019104058.
288. De Oliveira Santos R, da Silva Cardoso G, da Costa Lima L, et al. l-Glutamine and Physical Exercise Prevent Intestinal Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Without Improving Gastric Dysmotility in Rats with Ulcerative Colitis. Inflammation. 2020;44(2):617-632. doi:10.1007/s10753-020-01361-3.
289. De Santo NG, Capasso G, Malnic G, et al. Effect of an acute oral protein load on renal acidification in healthy humans and in patients with chronic renal failure. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 1997;8(5):784-792. doi:10.1681/asn.v85784.
290. De Vasconcelos DAA, Giesbertz P, de Souza DR, et al. Oral L-glutamine pretreatment attenuates skeletal muscle atrophy induced by 24-h fasting in mice. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. 2019;70:202-214. doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.05.010.
291. De Wandel S, Engelen MPKJ, Wierzchowska-McNew R, et al. Altered Glutamate and Glutamine Kinetics in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Current Developments in Nutrition. 2021;5:845. doi:10.1093/cdn/nzab047_008.
292. Deckers K, Camerino I, van Boxtel MPJ, et al. Dementia risk in renal dysfunction. Neurology. 2016;88(2):198-208. doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000003482.
293. Delgado-Velandia M, Gonzalez-Marrachelli V, Domingo-Relloso A, et al. Healthy lifestyle, metabolomics and incident type 2 diabetes in a population-based cohort from Spain. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2022;19(1). doi:10.1186/s12966-021-01219-3.
294. Delgado TC, de las Heras J, Martínez-Chantar ML. Understanding gut-liver axis nitrogen metabolism in Fatty Liver Disease. Front Endocrinol. 2022;13. doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.1058101.
295. DeMars R. The inhibition by glutamine of glutamyl transferase formation in cultures of human cells. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1958;27:435-IN2. doi:10.1016/0006-3002(58)90367-6.
296. Demir D, Kuru Bektasoglu P, Koyuncuoglu T, et al. Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of niacin on mild traumatic brain injury in rats. Turkish Neurosurgery. 2023. doi:10.5137/1019-5149.jtn.42563-22.3.
297. Deng L, Wan H, Zhou H, et al. Protective effect of hydroxysafflor yellow A alone or in combination with acetylglutamine on cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury in rat: A PET study using 18F-fuorodeoxyglucose. European Journal of Pharmacology. 2018;825:119-132. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.02.011.
298. Deng Y, Cheng H, Li J, et al. Effects of glutamine, glutamate, and aspartate on intestinal barrier integrity and amino acid pool of the small intestine in piglets with normal or low energy diet. Front Vet Sci. 2023;10. doi:10.3389/fvets.2023.1202369.
299. Deng YT, Kuo K, Wu BS, et al. Associations of resting heart rate with incident dementia, cognition, and brain structure: a prospective cohort study of UK biobank. Alz Res Therapy. 2022;14(1). doi:10.1186/s13195-022-01088-3.
300. Deniz Ö, Kıvrak E, Kaplan A, et al. Effects of folic acid on rat kidney exposed to 900 MHz electromagnetic radiation. J Microsc Ultrastruct. 2017;5(4):198. doi:10.1016/j.jmau.2017.06.001.
301. Denniss RJ, Barker LA. Brain Trauma and the Secondary Cascade in Humans: Review of the Potential Role of Vitamins in Reparative Processes and Functional Outcome. Behavioral Sciences. 2023;13(5):388. doi:10.3390/bs13050388.
302. Deodhar AD, Rajakakshmi R, Ramakrishnan CV. Studies on Human Lactation Part III. Acta Paediatrica. 1964;53(1):42-48. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1964.tb07204.x.
303. Deutsch M, Ananth JV, Ban TA. Nicotinic acid in the treatment of chronic hospitalized schizophrenic patients: a placebo-controlled clinical study. Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1977 Jul 1;13(3):21-3. URL:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/142260.
304. Devignes CS, Carmeliet G, Stegen S. Amino acid metabolism in skeletal cells. Bone Reports. 2022;17:101620. doi:10.1016/j.bonr.2022.101620.
305. Dhar I, Svingen GFT, Bjørnestad EØ, et al. B-vitamin Treatment Modifies the Mortality Risk Associated with Calcium Channel Blockers in Patients with Suspected Stable Angina Pectoris: A Prospective Cohort Study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2023;118(1):77-84. doi:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.04.033.
306. Dhillon BS, Joshi JH, Roy SK. Treatment of Pernicious Malaria (Coma) by Nicotinic Acid and its Amide. BMJ Military Health. 1945 Jun 1;84(6):268.
307. Di Primio C, Quaranta P, Mignanelli M, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to Tau pathological signature in neurons. 2023. doi:10.1101/2023.05.17.541098.
308. Diani-Moore S, Shoots J, Singh R, et al. NAD+ loss, a new player in AhR biology: prevention of thymus atrophy and hepatosteatosis by NAD+ repletion. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-017-02332-9.
309. Digby JE, Martinez F, Jefferson A, et al. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Nicotinic Acid in Human Monocytes Are Mediated by GPR109A Dependent Mechanisms. ATVB. 2012;32(3):669-676. doi:10.1161/atvbaha.111.241836.
310. Digby JE, McNeill E, Dyar OJ, et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of nicotinic acid in adipocytes demonstrated by suppression of fractalkine, RANTES, and MCP-1 and upregulation of adiponectin. Atherosclerosis. 2010;209(1):89-95. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.08.045.
311. Do Nascimento CAM, Nogueira CW, Borges VC, et al. Changes in [3H]-glutamate uptake into platelets from patients with bipolar I disorder. Psychiatry Research. 2006;141(3):343-347. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2005.08.023.
312. Dobbins RL, Shearn SP, Byerly RL, et al. GSK256073, a selective agonist of G-protein coupled receptor 109A (GPR109A) reduces serum glucose in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2013;15(11):1013-1021. doi:10.1111/dom.12132.
313. Dobolyi A, Juhasz G, Kovacs Z, et al. Uridine Function in the Central Nervous System. CTMC. 2011;11(8):1058-1067. doi:10.2174/156802611795347618.
314. Docampo MD, Stein-Thoeringer C, Lazrak A, et al. Expression of the Butyrate/niacin Receptor, GPR109a on T cells Plays an Important Role in a Mouse Model of Graft Versus Host Disease. The Journal of Immunology. 2019;202(1_Supplement):69.34-69.34. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.69.34.
315. Dodson M, Castro-Portuguez R, Zhang DD. NRF2 plays a critical role in mitigating lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis. Redox Biology. 2019;23:101107. doi:10.1016/j.redox.2019.101107.
316. Dolgodilina E, Imobersteg S, Laczko E, et al. Brain interstitial fluid glutamine homeostasis is controlled by blood–brain barrier SLC7A5/LAT1 amino acid transporter. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2016;36(11):1929-1941. doi:10.1177/0271678x15609331.
317. Dollet L, Kuefner M, Caria E, et al. Glutamine Regulates Skeletal Muscle Immunometabolism in Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes. 2022;71(4):624-636. doi:10.2337/db20-0814.
318. Dong B, Wu R. Plasma homocysteine, folate and vitamin B12 levels in Parkinson’s disease in China: A meta-analysis. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery. 2020;188:105587. doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2019.105587.
319. Dong H, Wang J, Hu P, et al. Associations of apolipoproteinA1, high density lipoprotein cholesterol with hemoglobin glycation index and triglyceride-glucose index in Chinese adults with coronary artery disease. Journal of Diabetes and its Complications. 2023;37(8):108516. doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2023.108516.
320. Dong J, Yin LL, Deng XD, et al. Initiation and duration of folic acid supplementation in preventing congenital malformations. BMC Med. 2023;21(1). doi:10.1186/s12916-023-03000-8.
321. Dong W, Jin Y, Shi H, et al. Using bioinformatics and systems biology methods to identify the mechanism of interaction between COVID-19 and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Medicine. 2023;102(23):e33912. doi:10.1097/md.0000000000033912.
322. Donnell EO, Craig J, Akam EC, et al. Folic Acid Supplementation Increases Cardiac Parasympathetic Modulation of Heart Rate in Habitually Endurance Trained and Untrained Middle‐Aged Men. FASEB j. 2020;34(S1):1-1. doi:10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.08662.
323. Donu D, Sharma C, Cen Y. Plasmodium falciparum Nicotinamidase as A Novel Antimalarial Target. Biomolecules. 2022;12(8):1109. doi:10.3390/biom12081109.
324. Doroftei B, Ilie OD, Cojocariu RO, et al. Minireview Exploring the Biological Cycle of Vitamin B3 and Its Influence on Oxidative Stress: Further Molecular and Clinical Aspects. Molecules. 2020;25(15):3323. doi:10.3390/molecules25153323.
325. Dos Santos EF, Busanello ENB, Miglioranza A, et al. Evidence that folic acid deficiency is a major determinant of hyperhomocysteinemia in Parkinson´s disease. Metab Brain Dis. 2009;24(2):257-269. doi:10.1007/s11011-009-9139-4.
326. Dovonou A, Bolduc C, Soto Linan V, et al. Animal models of Parkinson’s disease: bridging the gap between disease hallmarks and research questions. Transl Neurodegener. 2023;12(1). doi:10.1186/s40035-023-00368-8.
327. Drago F, DʼAgata V, Valerio C, et al. Memory Deficits of Aged Male Rats Can Be Improved by Pyrimidine Nucleosides and n-Acetyl-Glutamine. Clinical Neuropharmacology. 1990;13(4):290-296. doi:10.1097/00002826-199008000-00002.
328. Droździk M, Białecka M, Myśliwiec K, et al. Polymorphism in the P-glycoprotein drug transporter MDR1 gene: a possible link between environmental and genetic factors in Parkinson's disease. Pharmacogenetics. 2003;13(5):259-263. doi:10.1097/01.fpc.0000054087.48725.d9.
329. Druml W. Prävention und Therapie des akuten Nierenversagens: Bedeutung metabolischer Interventionen. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2007;119(7-8):201-204. doi:10.1007/s00508-007-0793-4.
330. Du C, Xu H, Cao C, et al. Neutral amino acid transporter SLC38A2 protects renal medulla from hyperosmolarity-induced ferroptosis. eLife. 2023;12. doi:10.7554/elife.80647.
331. Du H, Tan Y, Li CH, et al. High glutamate concentration reverses the inhibitory effect of microglial adenosine 2A receptor on NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and activation. Neuroscience Letters. 2022;769:136431. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136431.
332. Du HK, Wang SX, Liu Y, et al. Effect of niacin on nitric oxide synthase expression in rat lung exposed to silica. Chinese journal of preventive medicine. 2004;38(3):186-189. doi:10.3760/j:issn:0253-9624.2004.03.012.
333. Du J, Ren Y, Liu J, et al. Association of Prolonged Disease Duration and TG/HDL-C Ratio in Accelerating Atherosclerosis in Patients with Takayasu’s Arteritis. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2022;28:107602962211212. doi:10.1177/10760296221121297.
334. Du P, Zhang S, Li S, et al. Folic Acid Protects Melanocytes from Oxidative Stress via Activation of Nrf2 and Inhibition of HMGB1. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2021;2021:1-12. doi:10.1155/2021/1608586.
335. Du R, Wang Z. GW26-e0196 Effects of Niacin on ApoE-/-Mice’Adipose Tissue, Serum Lipid and Atherosclerosis. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2015 Oct 20;66(16S):C43.
336. Duan Y, Tao K, Fang Z, et al. Possible-sarcopenic screening with disturbed plasma amino acid profile in the elderly. BMC Geriatr. 2023;23(1). doi:10.1186/s12877-023-04137-0.
337. Duarte-Pereira S, Pereira-Castro I, Silva SS, et al. Extensive regulation of nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase (NAPRT) expression in human tissues and tumors. Oncotarget. 2015;7(2):1973-1983. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.6538.
338. Duggal JK, Singh M, Attri N, et al. Effect of Niacin Therapy on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2010;15(2):158-166. doi:10.1177/1074248410361337.
339. Duijts L, Jaddoe VWV, Hofman A, et al. Prolonged and Exclusive Breastfeeding Reduces the Risk of Infectious Diseases in Infancy. Pediatrics. 2010;126(1):e18-e25. doi:10.1542/peds.2008-3256.
340. Dunbar RL, Goel H, Tuteja S, et al. Measuring niacin-associated skin toxicity (NASTy) stigmata along with symptoms to aid development of niacin mimetics. Journal of Lipid Research. 2017;58(4):783-797. doi:10.1194/jlr.d071696.
341. Duquerroy S, Vigouroux A, Rottier PJM, et al. Central ions and lateral asparagine/glutamine zippers stabilize the post-fusion hairpin conformation of the SARS coronavirus spike glycoprotein. Virology. 2005;335(2):276-285. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2005.02.022.
342. Duque-Díaz E, Coveñas R. Mapping of folic acid in the children brainstem. Anat Cell Biol. 2021;54(3):340-349. doi:10.5115/acb.21.016.
343. Duncan EM, Vita L, Dibnah B, et al. Metabolite-sensing GPCRs controlling interactions between adipose tissue and inflammation. Front Endocrinol. 2023;14. doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1197102.
344. Durante W, Peyton KJ. Glutamine Counteracts Glucose‐Mediated Human Endothelial Cell Dysfunction. FASEB j. 2022;36(S1). doi:10.1096/fasebj.2022.36.s1.r4921.
345. Durante W. Glutamine Deficiency Promotes Immune and Endothelial Cell Dysfunction in COVID-19. IJMS. 2023;24(8):7593. doi:10.3390/ijms24087593.
346. Durbecq V, Legrain C, Roovers M, et al. The carbamate kinase-like carbamoyl phosphate synthetase of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus , a missing link in the evolution of carbamoyl phosphate biosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997;94(24):12803-12808. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.24.12803.
347. Dziegielewska-Gesiak S. Metabolic Syndrome in an Aging Society – Role of Oxidant-Antioxidant Imbalance and Inflammation Markers in Disentangling Atherosclerosis. CIA. 2021;Volume 16:1057-1070. doi:10.2147/cia.s306982.
348. Dzięgielewska-Gęsiak S, Muc-Wierzgoń M. Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Frailty and Metabolic Syndromes—Two Sides of the Same Coin. Metabolites. 2023;13(4):475. doi:10.3390/metabo13040475.
349. D’Ambrosio V, Wan ER, Hawkins-van der Cingel G, et al. Hyperoxaluric acute kidney injury and frontotemporal dementia. The Lancet. 2023;401(10387):1530. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)02601-0.
350. D’Andrea E, Hey SP, Ramirez CL, et al. Assessment of the Role of Niacin in Managing Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(4):e192224. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.2224.
351. E Vasconcelos SCCM, Guerra ENS, de Menêses AG, et al. Effects of oral supplementation to manage radiation dermatitis in cancer patients: a systematic review. Support Care Cancer. 2023;31(4). doi:10.1007/s00520-023-07685-8.
352. Eagle H, Oyama VI, Levy M, et al. THE GROWTH RESPONSE OF MAMMALIAN CELLS IN TISSUE CULTURE TO l-GLUTAMINE AND l-GLUTAMIC ACID. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1956;218(2):607-616. doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)65826-0.
353. Ebara S. Nutritional role of folate. Congenital Anomalies. 2017;57(5):138-141. doi:10.1111/cga.12233.
354. Echeverry T, Anthony JA, Fishberg RD. NIACIN TREATMENT EFFECTIVE FOR REDUCING LP(A) LEVELS. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2023;81(8):3313. doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(23)03757-9.
355. Edgerton-Fulton M, Ergul A. Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment/dementia in diabetes: role of endothelial cells and pericytes. American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology. 2022;323(4):C1177-C1189. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00072.2022.
356. Edwards RL, Bryan A, Jules M, et al. Nicotinic Acid Modulates Legionella pneumophila Gene Expression and Induces Virulence Traits. Infect Immun. 2013;81(3):945-955. doi:10.1128/iai.00999-12.
357. Efrain Merma Chacca D, Maldonado I, Vilca FZ. Environmental and ecotoxicological effects of drugs used for the treatment of COVID 19. Front Environ Sci. 2022;10. doi:10.3389/fenvs.2022.940975.
358. Ehrensvärd G, Fischer A, Stjernholm R. Protein Metabolisiu of Tissue Cells in Vitro. 7. The Chemical Nature of Some Obligate Factors of Tissue Cell Nutrition. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. 1949;18(2-3):218-230. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1949.tb00614.x.
359. Eijvehjem CA. The Role of Intestinal Bacteria in Nutrition. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1946;22(11):959-963. doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(21)33752-x.
360. Eisner D, Neher E, Taschenberger H, et al. Physiology of intracellular calcium buffering. Physiological Reviews. 2023. doi:10.1152/physrev.00042.2022.
361. Elam MB, Hunninghake DB, Davis KB, et al. Effect of Niacin on Lipid and Lipoprotein Levels and Glycemic Control in Patients With Diabetes and Peripheral Arterial Disease. JAMA. 2000;284(10):1263. doi:10.1001/jama.284.10.1263.
362. Elangovan S, Pathania R, Ramachandran S, et al. The Niacin/Butyrate Receptor GPR109A Suppresses Mammary Tumorigenesis by Inhibiting Cell Survival. Cancer Research. 2014;74(4):1166-1178. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-1451.
363. Elenga N, Loko G, Etienne-Julan M, et al. Real-World data on efficacy of L-glutamine in preventing sickle cell disease-related complications in pediatric and adult patients. Front Med. 2022;9. doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.931925.
364. Elgharably N, Al Abadie M, Al Abadie M, et al. Vitamin B group levels and supplementations in dermatology: Review of the literature. Dermatol Reports. 2023;15(1):9511. doi:10.4081/dr.2022.9511.
365. El-Ansary A. GABA and Glutamate Imbalance in Autism and Their Reversal as Novel Hypothesis for Effective Treatment Strategy. Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2020;18(3):46-63. doi:10.17759/autdd.2020180306.
366. El-khodary NM, Dabees H, Werida RH. Folic acid effect on homocysteine, sortilin levels and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Nutr Diabetes. 2022;12(1). doi:10.1038/s41387-022-00210-6.
367. Enriquez A. Identifying the Genetic Causes of Congenital Anomalies. UNSW Sydney. 2023. doi:10.26190/UNSWORKS/24975.
368. Ermutlu İ, Fesli R, Arıkök AT, et al. Neuroprotective Effects of Niacin on Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury of the Rabbit Spinal Cord. World Neurosurgery. 2023. doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2023.06.117.
369. Ernst T, Ryan MC, Liang HJ, et al. Neuronal and Glial Metabolite Abnormalities in Participants with Persistent Neuropsychiatric Symptoms After COVID-19: A Brain Proton MR Spectroscopy Study. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2023. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiad309.
370. Errey JC, Blanchard JS. Functional Characterization of a Novel ArgA from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Bacteriol. 2005;187(9):3039-3044. doi:10.1128/jb.187.9.3039-3044.2005.
371. Esaki M, Morita M, Akhter R, et al. Relationship between folic acid intake and gingival health in non-smoking adults in Japan. Oral Diseases. 2010;16(1):96-101. doi:10.1111/j.1601-0825.2009.01619.x.
372. Escalante-Covarrubias Q, Mendoza-Viveros L, González-Suárez M, et al. Time-of-day defines NAD+ efficacy to treat diet-induced metabolic disease by synchronizing the hepatic clock in mice. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1). doi:10.1038/s41467-023-37286-2.
373. Estrada LD, Ahumada P, Cabrera D, et al. Liver Dysfunction as a Novel Player in Alzheimer’s Progression: Looking Outside the Brain. Front Aging Neurosci. 2019;11. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2019.00174.
374. Esse R, Barroso M, Tavares de Almeida I, et al. The Contribution of Homocysteine Metabolism Disruption to Endothelial Dysfunction: State-of-the-Art. IJMS. 2019;20(4):867. doi:10.3390/ijms20040867.
375. Etgen T. Kidney disease as a determinant of cognitive decline and dementia. Alz Res Therapy. 2015;7(1). doi:10.1186/s13195-015-0115-4.
376. Fan X, He Y, Wu G, et al. Sirt3 activates autophagy to prevent DOX-induced senescence by inactivating PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in A549 cells. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research. 2023;1870(2):119411. doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119411.
377. Fan YP, Yu JC, Kang WM, et al. Effects of Glutamine Supplementation on Patients Undergoing Abdominal Surgery. Chinese Medical Sciences Journal. 2009;24(1):55-59. doi:10.1016/s1001-9294(09)60060-2.
378. Fang C, Li T, Li Y, et al. CD38 produces nicotinic acid adenosine dinucleotide phosphate in the lysosome. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2018;293(21):8151-8160. doi:10.1074/jbc.ra118.002113.
379. Fang J, Chen W, Hou P, et al. NAD+ metabolism-based immunoregulation and therapeutic potential. Cell Biosci. 2023;13(1). doi:10.1186/s13578-023-01031-5.
380. Fang JY, Xiao SD. Folic acid, polymorphism of methyl-group metabolism genes, and DNA methylation in relation to GI carcinogenesis. Journal of Gastroenterology. 2003;38(9):821-829. doi:10.1007/s00535-003-1207-7.
381. Faraone-Mennella MR. A new facet of ADP-ribosylation reactions SIRTs and PARPs interplay. Front Biosci. 2015;20(3):458-473. doi:10.2741/4319.
382. Fares HM, Lyu X, Xu X, et al. Autophagy in cancer: The cornerstone during glutamine deprivation. European Journal of Pharmacology. 2022;916:174723. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174723.
383. Faris P, Pellavio G, Ferulli F, et al. Nicotinic Acid Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NAADP) Induces Intracellular Ca2+ Release through the Two-Pore Channel TPC1 in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Cells. Cancers. 2019;11(4):542. doi:10.3390/cancers11040542.
384. Fatahi S, Pezeshki M, Mousavi SM, et al. Effects of folic acid supplementation on C-reactive protein: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. . 2019;29(5):432-439. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2018.11.006.
385. Fedotova EI, Abramov AY, Berezhnov AV. Dopamine Protects Neurons against Glutamate-Induced Excitotoxicity. Biochem Moscow Suppl Ser A. 2023;17(1):34-42. doi:10.1134/s1990747822060058.
386. Feingold KR, Moser A, Shigenaga JK, et al. Inflammation stimulates niacin receptor (GPR109A/HCA2) expression in adipose tissue and macrophages. Journal of Lipid Research. 2014;55(12):2501-2508. doi:10.1194/jlr.m050955.
387. Feng W, Wu Y, Chen G, et al. Sodium Butyrate Attenuates Diarrhea in Weaned Piglets and Promotes Tight Junction Protein Expression in Colon in a GPR109A-Dependent Manner. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2018;47(4):1617-1629. doi:10.1159/000490981.
388. Feng Y, Chen X, Pan Y, et al. The associations of dietary folate and serum folate with lipid profiles: findings from the national health and nutrition examination survey 2011–2016. Lipids Health Dis. 2023;22(1). doi:10.1186/s12944-023-01793-4.
389. Fennelly J, Frank O, Baker H, et al. Peripheral Neuropathy of the Alcoholic: I, Aetiological Role of Aneurin and Other B-complex Vitamins. BMJ. 1964;2(5420):1290-1292. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5420.1290.
390. Fernandes TF da C, Conde P dos S, Brasil F de B, et al. Impact of Maternal Folic Acid Supplementation on Descendants’ Kidney in Adulthood. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2023;45(04):207-214. doi:10.1055/s-0043-1769001.
391. Fernández-Flores A, Aguilera B, Yau P, et al. An old meaning of the word apoptosis. The Lancet. 2002;359(9311):1072. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)08086-8.
392. Fernández-Pascual S, Mukala-Nsengu-Tshibangu A, Del Río RM, et al. Conversion into GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) may reduce the capacity of l-glutamine as an insulin secretagogue. Biochemical Journal. 2004;379(3):721-729. doi:10.1042/bj20031826.
393. Ferrier L, Eutamène H, Siegwald L, et al. Human milk oligosaccharides alleviate stress-induced visceral hypersensitivity and associated microbiota dysbiosis. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. 2022;99:108865. doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108865.
394. Fessel J et al. Effects of niacin upon fat expansion in HIV-positive patients who have the fat redistribution syndrome (FRS). Ninth Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Seattle, 2002. 2002;73.
395. Feuz MB, Meyer-Ficca ML, Meyer RG. Beyond Pellagra—Research Models and Strategies Addressing the Enduring Clinical Relevance of NAD Deficiency in Aging and Disease. Cells. 2023;12(3):500. doi:10.3390/cells12030500.
396. Field CJ, Johnson I, Pratt VC. Glutamine and arginine: immunonutrients for improved health. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2000;32(Supplement):S377-S388. doi:10.1097/00005768-200007001-00002
397. Final Report of the Safety Assessment of Niacinamide and Niacin1. Int J Toxicol. 2005;24(5_suppl):1-31. doi:10.1080/10915810500434183.
398. Finglas PM, Wright AJA, Wolfe CA, et al. Is there more to folates than neural-tube defects? Proc Nutr Soc. 2003;62(3):591-598. doi:10.1079/pns2003271.
399. Fiorina P, Lanfredini M, MontanarI A, et al. Plasma homocysteine and folate are related to arterial blood pressure in type 2 diabetes mellitus. American Journal of Hypertension. 1998;11(9):1100-1107. doi:10.1016/s0895-7061(98)00125-3.
400. Flottorp G, Wille C. Nicotinic Acid Treatment of Tinnitus: A Clinical—Audiological Examination. Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1954;43(sup118):85-99. doi:10.3109/00016485409123998.
401. Fock E, Parnova R. Mechanisms of Blood–Brain Barrier Protection by Microbiota-Derived Short-Chain Fatty Acids. Cells. 2023;12(4):657. doi:10.3390/cells12040657.
402. Fonken LK, Aubrecht TG, Meléndez-Fernández OH, et al. Dim Light at Night Disrupts Molecular Circadian Rhythms and Increases Body Weight. J Biol Rhythms. 2013;28(4):262-271. doi:10.1177/0748730413493862.
403. Forman JP. Folate Intake and the Risk of Incident Hypertension Among US Women. JAMA. 2005;293(3):320. doi:10.1001/jama.293.3.320.
404. Forsyth LM, Preuss HG, MacDowell AL, et al. Therapeutic effects of oral NADH on the symptoms of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. 1999;82(2):185-191. doi:10.1016/s1081-1206(10)62595-1.
405. Fouquerel E, Sobol RW. ARTD1 (PARP1) activation and NAD+ in DNA repair and cell death. DNA Repair. 2014;23:27-32. doi:10.1016/j.dnarep.2014.09.004.
406. Fratta Pasini AM, Stranieri C, Girelli D, et al. Is Ferroptosis a Key Component of the Process Leading to Multiorgan Damage in COVID-19? Antioxidants. 2021;10(11):1677. doi:10.3390/antiox10111677.
407. Fridell YW, Sierra F. Metabolic Aspects of Aging. Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science. 2018:11-23. doi:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.12.015.
408. Friedrichs P, Saremi B, Winand S, et al. Energy and metabolic sensing G protein–coupled receptors during lactation-induced changes in energy balance. Domestic Animal Endocrinology. 2014;48:33-41. doi:10.1016/j.domaniend.2014.01.005.
409. Frye RE, Slattery J, Delhey L, et al. Folinic acid improves verbal communication in children with autism and language impairment: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. . 2016;23(2):247-256. doi:10.1038/mp.2016.168.
410. Fu L, Wang Y, Hu Y. Association between homocysteine and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Mendelian randomisation study. Eur J Clin Investigation. 2022;53(3). doi:10.1111/eci.13895.
411. Fu SP, Wang JF, Xue WJ, et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of BHBA in both in vivo and in vitro Parkinson’s disease models are mediated by GPR109A-dependent mechanisms. J Neuroinflammation. 2015;12(1). doi:10.1186/s12974-014-0230-3.
412. Fulyani F, Schuurman-Wolters GK, Slotboom DJ, et al. Relative Rates of Amino Acid Import via the ABC Transporter GlnPQ Determine the Growth Performance of Lactococcus lactis. J Bacteriol. 2016;198(3):477-485. doi:10.1128/jb.00685-15.
413. Fürst P, Pogan K, Stehle P. Glutamine dipeptides in clinical nutrition. Nutrition. 1997;13(7-8):731-737. doi:10.1016/s0899-9007(97)83035-3.
414. Galescu OA, Crocker MK, Altschul AM, et al. A pilot study of the effects of niacin administration on free fatty acid and growth hormone concentrations in children with obesity. Pediatric Obesity. 2016;13(1):30-37. doi:10.1111/ijpo.12184.
415. Gallardo-Alfaro L, Bibiloni MDM, Bouzas C, et al. Physical activity and metabolic syndrome severity among older adults at cardiovascular risk: 1-Year trends. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases. 2021;31(10):2870-2886. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2021.06.015.
416. Gallardo-Alfaro L, Bibiloni MDM, Mascaró CM, et al. Leisure-Time Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour and Diet Quality are Associated with Metabolic Syndrome Severity: The PREDIMED-Plus Study. Nutrients. 2020;12(4):1013. doi:10.3390/nu12041013.
417. Gallardo-Alfaro L, Bibiloni MDM, Mateos D, et al. Leisure-Time Physical Activity and Metabolic Syndrome in Older Adults. IJERPH. 2019;16(18):3358. doi:10.3390/ijerph16183358.
418. Gallego-Lopez M del C, Ojeda ML, Romero-Herrera I, et al. Folic Acid Homeostasis and Its Pathways Related to Hepatic Oxidation in Adolescent Rats Exposed to Binge Drinking. Antioxidants. 2022;11(2):362. doi:10.3390/antiox11020362.
419. Galione A. NAADP Receptors. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2019;11(11):a035071. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a035071.
420. Gambhir D, Ananth S, Veeranan-Karmegam R, et al. GPR109A as an Anti-Inflammatory Receptor in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells and Its Relevance to Diabetic Retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012;53(4):2208. doi:10.1167/iovs.11-8447.
421. Gamble MV, Liu X, Ahsan H, et al. Folate and arsenic metabolism: a double-blind, placebo-controlled folic acid–supplementation trial in Bangladesh. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2006;84(5):1093-1101. doi:10.1093/ajcn/84.5.1093.
422. Ganji S, Hoa N, Kamanna J, et al. Niacin regresses collagen content in human hepatic stellate cells from liver transplant donors with fibrotic non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). American Journal of Translational Research. 2022;14(6):4006.
423. Ganji SH, Kashyap ML, Kamanna VS. Niacin inhibits fat accumulation, oxidative stress, and inflammatory cytokine IL-8 in cultured hepatocytes: Impact on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Metabolism. 2015;64(9):982-990. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2015.05.002.
424. Ganji SH, Kukes GD, Lambrecht N, et al. Therapeutic role of niacin in the prevention and regression of hepatic steatosis in rat model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology. 2014;306(4):G320-G327. doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00181.2013.
425. Ganji SH, Qin S, Zhang L, et al. Niacin inhibits vascular oxidative stress, redox-sensitive genes, and monocyte adhesion to human aortic endothelial cells. Atherosclerosis. 2009;202(1):68-75. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.04.044.
426. Gao J, Zhang L, Liu X, et al. Repurposing Low-Molecular-Weight Drugs against the Main Protease of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. J Phys Chem Lett. 2020;11(17):7267-7272. doi:10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01894.
427. Gao Y, Sheng C, Xie R hua, et al. New Perspective on Impact of Folic Acid Supplementation during Pregnancy on Neurodevelopment/Autism in the Offspring Children – A Systematic Review. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(11):e0165626. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0165626.
428. Gan R, Wei Y, Wu G, et al. Attenuated niacin-induced skin flush response in individuals with clinical high risk for psychosis. Gen Psych. 2022;35(2):e100748. doi:10.1136/gpsych-2022-100748.
429. Gao L, Song Z, Mi J, et al. The Effects and Underlying Mechanisms of Cell Therapy on Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity After Ischemic Stroke. CN. 2020;18(12):1213-1226. doi:10.2174/1570159x18666200914162013.
430. Garcez ML, Cassoma RCS, Mina F, et al. Folic acid prevents habituation memory impairment and oxidative stress in an aging model induced by D-galactose. Metab Brain Dis. 2020;36(2):213-224. doi:10.1007/s11011-020-00647-7.
431. Garg A, Sharma A, Krishnamoorthy P, et al. Role of Niacin in Current Clinical Practice: A Systematic Review. The American Journal of Medicine. 2017;130(2):173-187. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.07.038.
432. Gargari BP, Aghamohammadi V, Aliasgharzadeh A. Effect of folic acid supplementation on biochemical indices in overweight and obese men with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 2011;94(1):33-38. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2011.07.003.
433. Garlick PJ. Assessment of the Safety of Glutamine and Other Amino Acids. The Journal of Nutrition. 2001;131(9):2556S-2561S. doi:10.1093/jn/131.9.2556s.
434. Garrido AM, Griendling KK. NADPH oxidases and angiotensin II receptor signaling. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 2009;302(2):148-158. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2008.11.003.
435. Gasperi V, Sibilano M, Savini I, et al. Niacin in the Central Nervous System: An Update of Biological Aspects and Clinical Applications. IJMS. 2019;20(4):974. doi:10.3390/ijms20040974.
436. Gates Marshall. The Chemistry of the Pteridines. Chem Rev. 1947;41(1):63-95. doi:10.1021/cr60128a002.
437. Gatica D, Chiong M, Lavandero S, et al. The role of autophagy in cardiovascular pathology. Cardiovascular Research. 2021;118(4):934-950. doi:10.1093/cvr/cvab158.
438. Gayatri MB, Gajula NN, Chava S, et al. High glutamine suppresses osteogenesis through mTORC1-mediated inhibition of the mTORC2/AKT-473/RUNX2 axis. Cell Death Discov. 2022;8(1). doi:10.1038/s41420-022-01077-3.
439. Geijsen AJMR, Ulvik A, Gigic B, et al. Circulating Folate and Folic Acid Concentrations: Associations With Colorectal Cancer Recurrence and Survival. JNCI Cancer Spectrum. 2020;4(5). doi:10.1093/jncics/pkaa051.
440. Gensler HL, Williams T, Huang AC, et al. Oral Niacin Prevents Photocarcinogenesis and Photoimmunosuppression in Mice. Nutrition and Cancer. 1999;34(1):36-41. doi:10.1207/s15327914nc340105.
441. Ghanizadeh A. Increased Glutamate and Homocysteine and Decreased Glutamine Levels in Autism: A Review and Strategies for Future Studies of Amino Acids in Autism. Disease Markers. 2013;35:281-286. doi:10.1155/2013/536521.
442. Ghitis J, Schreiber C, Waxman S. Folate Normalizes Elevated PRPP Levels of Folate-Deficient HL-60 Cells. 8 Montreal, Canada, June 15-20, 1986. 1986;897-900. doi:10.1515/9783110856262-168.
443. Gibbons RD, Hur K, Lavigne JE, et al. Association Between Folic Acid Prescription Fills and Suicide Attempts and Intentional Self-harm Among Privately Insured US Adults. JAMA Psychiatry. 2022;79(11):1118. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.2990.
444. Gil-Gomez A, Gómez-Sotelo AI, Ranchal I, et al. Metformin modifies glutamine metabolism in an in vitro and in vivo model of hepatic encephalopathy. Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2018;110. doi:10.17235/reed.2018.5004/2017.
445. Ginsberg HN. Identification and treatment of hypertriglyceridemia as a risk factor for coronary heart disease. Curr Cardiol Rep. 1999;1(3):233-237. doi:10.1007/s11886-999-0028-6.
446. Ginsberg HN, Illingworth DR. Postprandial dyslipidemia: an atherogenic disorder common in patients with diabetes mellitus. The American Journal of Cardiology. 2001;88(6):9-15. doi:10.1016/s0002-9149(01)01831-8.
447. Girgin G, Sipahi H, Palabiyik SS, et al. Erythrocyte folate levels in occupational zinc-exposed workers. Pteridines. 2014;25(3-4):75-78. doi:10.1515/pterid-2014-0010.
448. Giri B, Belanger K, Seamon M, et al. Niacin Ameliorates Neuro-Inflammation in Parkinson’s Disease via GPR109A. IJMS. 2019;20(18):4559. doi:10.3390/ijms20184559.
449. Giriş M, Erbil Y, Doğru-Abbasoğlu S, et al. The effect of heme oxygenase-1 induction by glutamine on TNBS-induced colitis. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2006;22(6):591-599. doi:10.1007/s00384-006-0238-y.
450. Giriş M, Erbil Y, Öztezcan S, et al. The effect of heme oxygenase-1 induction by glutamine on radiation-induced intestinal damage: the effect of heme oxygenase-1 on radiation enteritis. The American Journal of Surgery. 2006;191(4):503-509. doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2005.11.004.
451. Goldberg IJ, Sharma G, Fisher EA. Atherosclerosis: Making a U Turn. Annu Rev Med. 2020;71(1):191-201. doi:10.1146/annurev-med-042418-011108.
452. Gonçalves Schemitt E, Raskopf Colares J, Minuzzo Hartmann R, et al. Efecto de la glutamina en el estrés oxidativo y la inflamación en un modelo de rata con insuficiencia hepática fulminante. Nutr Hosp. 2016;33(2). doi:10.20960/nh.92.
453. Gong J, Osipov A, Lorber J, et al. Combination L-Glutamine with Gemcitabine and Nab-Paclitaxel in Treatment-Naïve Advanced Pancreatic Cancer: The Phase I GlutaPanc Study Protocol. Biomedicines. 2023;11(5):1392. doi:10.3390/biomedicines11051392.
454. Gong Y, Jin X, Yuan B, et al. G Protein-Coupled Receptor 109A Maintains the Intestinal Integrity and Protects Against ETEC Mucosal Infection by Promoting IgA Secretion. Front Immunol. 2021;11. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.583652.
455. Gonzalez-Garcia P, Fiorillo Moreno O, Zarate Peñata E, et al. From Cell to Symptoms: The Role of SARS-CoV-2 Cytopathic Effects in the Pathogenesis of COVID-19 and Long COVID. IJMS. 2023;24(9):8290. doi:10.3390/ijms24098290.
456. Gonzáles‐Rubianes DZ, Figueroa‐Osorio LK, Benites‐Zapata VA, et al. Utility of TG/HDL‐c ratio as a predictor of mortality and cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis: A systematic review. Hemodialysis International. 2021;26(2):137-146. doi:10.1111/hdi.12981.
457. Gopalasingam N, Christensen KH, Berg Hansen K, et al. Stimulation of the Hydroxycarboxylic Acid Receptor 2 With the Ketone Body 3‐Hydroxybutyrate and Niacin in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure: Hemodynamic and Metabolic Effects. JAHA. 2023;12(12). doi:10.1161/jaha.123.029849.
458. Gorman JJ, Folk JE. Structural features of glutamine substrates for human plasma factor XIIIa (activated blood coagulation factor XIII). Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1980;255(2):419-427. doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)86190-2.
459. Gorovits R, Avidan N, Avisar N, et al. Glutamine synthetase protects against neuronal degeneration in injured retinal tissue. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997;94(13):7024-7029. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.13.7024.
460. Gouttebel MC, Astre C, Briand D, et al. Influence of N-Acetylglutamine or Glutamine Infusion on Plasma Amino Acid Concentrations During the Early Phase of Small-Bowel Adaptation in the Dog. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1992;16(2):117-121. doi:10.1177/0148607192016002117.
461. Graff EC, Fang H, Wanders D, et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of the hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2. Metabolism. 2016;65(2):102-113. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2015.10.001.
462. Graff EC, Norris OC, Sandey M, et al. Characterization of the hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 in cats. Domestic Animal Endocrinology. 2015;53:88-94. doi:10.1016/j.domaniend.2015.06.001.
463. Graham JW. RADIATION SICKNESS. JAMA. 1939;113(8):664. doi:10.1001/jama.1939.02800330030008.
464. Grahame DA. Catalysis of acetyl-CoA cleavage and tetrahydrosarcinapterin methylation by a carbon monoxide dehydrogenase-corrinoid enzyme complex. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1991;266(33):22227-22233. doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)54558-0.
465. Grahnert A, Grahnert A, Klein C, et al S. Review: NAD + : A modulator of immune functions. Innate Immun. 2010;17(2):212-233. doi:10.1177/1753425910361989.
466. Grau T, Bonet A, Miñambres E, et al. The effect of l-alanyl-l-glutamine dipeptide supplemented total parenteral nutrition on infectious morbidity and insulin sensitivity in critically ill patients. Critical Care Medicine. 2011;39(6):1263-1268. doi:10.1097/ccm.0b013e31820eb774.
467. Gray NE, Farina M, Tucci P, et al. The Role of the NRF2 Pathway in Maintaining and Improving Cognitive Function. Biomedicines. 2022;10(8):2043. doi:10.3390/biomedicines10082043.
468. Green MD, Schaffler M, Barabino GA. L-Glutamine Increases IGF-1 Liver Expression to Prevent Bone Loss in Sickle Mice. Blood. 2019;134(Supplement_1):3561-3561. doi:10.1182/blood-2019-128950.
469. Greenfield JR, Farooqi IS, Keogh JM, et al. Oral glutamine increases circulating glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon, and insulin concentrations in lean, obese, and type 2 diabetic subjects. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2009;89(1):106-113. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.26362.
470. Gribble F, Reimann F, Tolhurst G, et al. Oral Communications: L-Glutamine stimulates the release of GLP-1 from primary murine L-cells. AstraZeneca Proc Physiol Soc 18, C15 and PC15. 2010;Cellular Signalling:C09,C15,PC09,PC15. URL:https://www.physoc.org/abstracts/l-glutamine-stimulates-the-release-of-glp-1-from-primary-murine-l-cells.
471. Griffiths HBS, Williams C, King SJ, et al. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+): essential redox metabolite, co-substrate and an anti-cancer and anti-ageing therapeutic target. Biochemical Society Transactions. 2020;48(3):733-744. doi:10.1042/bst20190033.
472. Gaudino F, Manfredonia I, Managò A, et al. Subcellular Characterization of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Biosynthesis in Metastatic Melanoma by Using Organelle-Specific Biosensors. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling. 2019;31(15):1150-1165. doi:10.1089/ars.2019.7799.
473. Guerrero‐Molina MP, Domínguez‐González C, González de la Aleja J. Reply: High‐dose oral glutamine can reduce cerebrospinal fluid glutamate in mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and strokelike episodes without a beneficial clinical or cerebral tissue effect. Euro J of Neurology. 2023;30(4):1158-1159. doi:10.1111/ene.15683.
474. Guha S, Mathew ND, Konkwo C, et al. Combinatorial glucose, nicotinic acid and N-acetylcysteine therapy has synergistic effect in preclinicalC. elegansand zebrafish models of mitochondrial complex I disease. Human Molecular Genetics. 2021;30(7):536-551. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddab059.
475. Guo L, Tuyama A, Butkinaree C, et al. Niacin (vitamin B3, nicotinic acid) Decreases VLDLA‐polipoprotein B Secretion and Reduces Hepatic and Blood Lipid Concentrations: Roles of Niacin Metabolism and Autophagy Degradation. FASEB j. 2013;27(S1). doi:10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.361.4.
476. Guo W, Gong Q, Zong X, et al. GPR109A controls neutrophil extracellular traps formation and improve early sepsis by regulating ROS/PAD4/Cit-H3 signal axis. Exp Hematol Oncol. 2023;12(1). doi:10.1186/s40164-023-00376-4.
477. Guo W, Li W, Su Y, et al. GPR109A alleviate mastitis and enhances the blood milk barrier by activating AMPK/Nrf2 and autophagy. Int J Biol Sci. 2021;17(15):4271-4284. doi:10.7150/ijbs.62380.
478. Guo W, Liu J, Li W, et al. Niacin Alleviates Dairy Cow Mastitis by Regulating the GPR109A/AMPK/NRF2 Signaling Pathway. IJMS. 2020;21(9):3321. doi:10.3390/ijms21093321.
479. Gutsche I, Coulibaly F, Voss JE, et al. Secreted dengue virus nonstructural protein NS1 is an atypical barrel-shaped high-density lipoprotein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011;108(19):8003-8008. doi:10.1073/pnas.1017338108.
480. Hadjihambi A. Cerebrovascular alterations in NAFLD: Is it increasing our risk of Alzheimer’s disease? Analytical Biochemistry. 2022;636:114387. doi:10.1016/j.ab.2021.114387.
481. Hagen SJ, Ohtani M, Zhou JR, et al. Inflammation and Foveolar Hyperplasia Are Reduced by Supplemental Dietary Glutamine during Helicobacter pylori Infection in Mice. The Journal of Nutrition. 2009;139(5):912-918. doi:10.3945/jn.108.097790.
482. Hages M, Jenke M, Mirgel C, et al. Bedeutung einer Folsäuresubstitution während der Schwangerschaft. Geburtsh Frauenheilk. 1989;49(06):523-528. doi:10.1055/s-2008-1026610.
483. Haider S, Liaquat L, Shahzad S, et al. A high dose of short term exogenous d-galactose administration in young male rats produces symptoms simulating the natural aging process. Life Sciences. 2015;124:110-119. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2015.01.016.
484. Hamed MA, Akhigbe TM, Akhigbe RE, et al. Glutamine restores testicular glutathione-dependent antioxidant defense and upregulates NO/cGMP signaling in sleep deprivation-induced reproductive dysfunction in rats. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2022;148:112765. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112765.
485. Hamoud S, Hayek T, Hassan A, et al. Niacin Administration Significantly Reduces Oxidative Stress in Patients With Hypercholesterolemia and Low Levels of High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 2013;345(3):195-199. doi:10.1097/maj.0b013e3182548c28.
486. Han LJ, He XF, Ye XH. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T and A1298C polymorphisms and male infertility risk. Medicine. 2020;99(51):e23662. doi:10.1097/md.0000000000023662.
487. Hanafy NAN, Sheashaa RF, Moussa EA, et al. Potential of curcumin and niacin-loaded targeted chitosan coated liposomes to activate autophagy in hepatocellular carcinoma cells: An in vitro evaluation in HePG2 cell line. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2023;245:125572. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125572.
488. Hankard RG, Haymond MW, Darmaun D. Effect of glutamine on leucine metabolism in humans. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1996;271(4):E748-E754. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1996.271.4.e748.
489. Hankes LV, Riesen WH, Henderson LM, et al. LIBERATION OF AMINO ACIDS FROM RAW AND HEATED CASEIN BY ACID AND ENZYME HYDROLYSIS. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1948;176(2):467-476. doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)52663-1.
490. Hannan F, Davoren P. Use of Nicotinic Acid in the Management of Recurrent Hypoglycemic Episodes in Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2001;24(7):1301-1301. doi:10.2337/diacare.24.7.1301.
491. Hao J, Changyi L. Acne Vulgaris Is a Special Clinical Type of Pellagra. AJCEM. 2021;9(6):204. doi:10.11648/j.ajcem.20210906.13.
492. Hara N, Yamada K, Shibata T, et al. Elevation of Cellular NAD Levels by Nicotinic Acid and Involvement of Nicotinic Acid Phosphoribosyltransferase in Human Cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2007;282(34):24574-24582. doi:10.1074/jbc.m610357200.
493. Harlan BA, Killoy KM, Pehar M, et al. Evaluation of the NAD+ biosynthetic pathway in ALS patients and effect of modulating NAD+ levels in hSOD1-linked ALS mouse models. Experimental Neurology. 2020;327:113219. doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113219.
494. Harrington JS, Ryter SW, Plataki M, et al. Mitochondria in health, disease, and aging. Physiological Reviews. 2023;103(4):2349-2422. doi:10.1152/physrev.00058.2021.
495. Harthan AA. An Introduction to Pharmacotherapy for Inborn Errors of Metabolism. The Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2018;23(6):432-446. doi:10.5863/1551-6776-23.6.432.
496. Hartikainen P, Reinikainen KJ, Soininen H, et al. Neurochemical markers in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and normal controls. J Neural Transm Gen Sect. 1992;4(1):53-68. doi:10.1007/bf02257622.
497. Hasani M, Mansour A, Asayesh H, et al. Effect of glutamine supplementation on cardiometabolic risk factors and inflammatory markers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2021;21(1). doi:10.1186/s12872-021-01986-8.
498. Hathcock JN, MacKay D, Wong A, et al. Niacin: nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, and inositol hexanicotinate. Vitamin and Mineral Safety. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: Council for Responsible Nutrition. 2013:66-79. URL:https://www.crnusa.org/sites/default/files/files/resources/13-CRNVMS3-NIACIN.pdf.
499. Hauner H. Ernährungsmedizin 2007. Dtsch med Wochenschr. 2007;132(25/26):1411-1413. doi:10.1055/s-2007-982046.
500. Hauptman J. From the bench to the bedside: Spinal cord regeneration, niacin for stroke, magnetic nanoparticles, stimulation for epilepsy, role of galanins in epilepsy, functions of the supramarginal gyri, and the role of inflammation in postoperative cognitive disturbances. Surg Neurol Int. 2010;1(1):66. doi:10.4103/2152-7806.71985.
501. Häussinger D, Gerok W, Sies H. Hepatic role in pH regulation: role of the intercellular glutamine cycle. Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 1984;9(7):300-302. doi:10.1016/0968-0004(84)90294-9.
502. Hawkins DR, Bortin AW, Runyon RP. Orthomolecular Psychiatry: Niacin and Megavitamin Therapy. Psychosomatics. 1970;11(5):517-521. doi:10.1016/s0033-3182(70)71622-8.
503. Hayden MR, Tyagi SC. Impaired Folate-Mediated One-Carbon Metabolism in Type 2 Diabetes, Late-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease and Long COVID. Medicina. 2021;58(1):16. doi:10.3390/medicina58010016.
504. He D, Fu S, Ye B, et al. Activation of HCA2 regulates microglial responses to alleviate neurodegeneration in LPS-induced in vivo and in vitro models. J Neuroinflammation. 2023;20(1). doi:10.1186/s12974-023-02762-5.
505. He H, Zhang Y, Sun Y, et al. Folic Acid Attenuates High-Fat Diet-Induced Osteoporosis Through the AMPK Signaling Pathway. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2022;9. doi:10.3389/fcell.2021.791880.
506. He R, Zheng R, Zheng J, et al. Causal Association Between Obesity, Circulating Glutamine Levels, and Depression: A Mendelian Randomization Study. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism. 2022;108(6):1432-1441. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgac707.
507. Heemskerk MM, Dharuri HK, van den Berg SAA, et al. Prolonged niacin treatment leads to increased adipose tissue PUFA synthesis and anti-inflammatory lipid and oxylipin plasma profile. Journal of Lipid Research. 2014;55(12):2532-2540. doi:10.1194/jlr.m051938.
508. Heer CD, Sanderson DJ, Voth LS, et al. Coronavirus infection and PARP expression dysregulate the NAD Metabolome: an actionable component of innate immunity. 2020. doi:10.1101/2020.04.17.047480.
509. Heinz J, Lester S, Crawford DA, et al. THE EFFECTS OF ACUTE NIACIN SUPPLEMENTATION ON RESTING HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE IN COLLEGE-AGED MALES. International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings. 2016;11(4,Article 41). URL:https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/ijesab/vol11/iss4/41.
510. Heland S, Fields N, Ellery SJ, et al. The role of nutrients in human neurodevelopment and their potential to prevent neurodevelopmental adversity. Front Nutr. 2022;9. doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.992120.
511. Hensley CT, Wasti AT, DeBerardinis RJ. Glutamine and cancer: cell biology, physiology, and clinical opportunities. J Clin Invest. 2013;123(9):3678-3684. doi:10.1172/jci69600.
512. Herculano AB de S, Gaetti-Jardim EC, Aurélio DP de, et al. Use of topical glutamine as an adjuvant for the treatment of oral ulcers. Revista Brasileira de Terapia Intensiva. 2018;30(3). doi:10.5935/0103-507x.20180047.
513. Hernandez-Valdes JA, aan de Stegge M, Hermans J, et al. Enhancement of amino acid production and secretion by Lactococcus lactis using a droplet-based biosensing and selection system. Metabolic Engineering Communications. 2020;11:e00133. doi:10.1016/j.mec.2020.e00133.
514. Herskovits AZ, Guarente L. Sirtuin deacetylases in neurodegenerative diseases of aging. Cell Res. 2013;23(6):746-758. doi:10.1038/cr.2013.70.
515. Heyden KE, Fiddler JL, Xiu Y, et al. Reduced methionine synthase expression results in uracil accumulation in mitochondrial DNA and impaired oxidative capacity. PNAS Nexus. 2023;2(4). doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad105.
516. Hikosaka K, Yaku K, Okabe K, et al. Implications of NAD metabolism in pathophysiology and therapeutics for neurodegenerative diseases. Nutritional Neuroscience. 2019;24(5):371-383. doi:10.1080/1028415x.2019.1637504.
517. Hindhede M. PROTEIN AND PELLAGRA. JAMA. 1923;80(23):1685. doi:10.1001/jama.1923.02640500027011.
518. Hoane MR, Akstulewicz SL, Toppen J. Treatment with Vitamin B3 Improves Functional Recovery and Reduces GFAP Expression following Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats. Journal of Neurotrauma. 2003;20(11):1189-1199. doi:10.1089/089771503770802871.
519. Hodges LM, Markova SM, Chinn LW, et al. Very important pharmacogene summary. Pharmacogenetics and Genomics. 2011;21(3):152-161. doi:10.1097/fpc.0b013e3283385a1c.
520. Hoffer A. Megavitamin B-3 Therapy for Schizophrenia. Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal. 1971;16(6):499-504. doi:10.1177/070674377101600605.
521. Hoffer A. The effect of nicotinic acid on the frequency and duration of re-hospitalization of schizophrenic patients; a controlled comparison study. International journal of neuropsychiatry. 1966;2(3):234-40. URL:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4225426.
522. Hoffbrand AV, Stewart JS, Booth CC, et al. Folate deficiency in Crohn’s disease: incidence, pathogenesis, and treatment. BMJ. 1968;2(5597):71-75. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5597.71.
523. Hoffer A. The relationship of nicotinic acid to thyroid function. Can Med Assoc J. 1957;77(10):965. URL:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1824202.
524. Hoffer A. Treatment of arthritis by nicotinic acid and nicotinamide. Can Med Assoc J. 1959;81(4):235. URL:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1831040.
525. Hoffer A, Prousky J. Successful treatment of schizophrenia requires optimal daily doses of vitamin B3. Alternative medicine review. 2008;13(4):287-92. URL:https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA192485096&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=10895159&p=AONE&sw=w&userGroupName=anon%7Ee62eee8b&aty=open-web-entry.
526. Hoffer A, Walker M. Smart nutrients: a guide to nutrients that can prevent and reverse senility. Avery Publishing Group Inc; 1994. URL:https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19941412390.
527. Holeček M. Relation between glutamine, branched-chain amino acids, and protein metabolism. Nutrition. 2002;18(2):130-133. doi:10.1016/s0899-9007(01)00767-5.
528. Holland RE, Rahman K, Morris AI, et al. Effects of niacin on biliary lipid output in the rat. Biochemical Pharmacology. 1993;45(1):43-49. doi:10.1016/0006-2952(93)90375-7.
529. Hörig H, Spagnoli GC, Filgueira L, et al. Exogenous glutamine requirement is confined to late events of T cell activation. J Cell Biochem. 1993;53(4):343-351. doi:10.1002/jcb.240530412.
530. Horimatsu T, Blomkalns AL, Ogbi M, et al. Niacin protects against abdominal aortic aneurysm formation via GPR109A independent mechanisms: role of NAD+/nicotinamide. Cardiovascular Research. 2019;116(14):2226-2238. doi:10.1093/cvr/cvz303.
531. Horowitz RI, Freeman PR. Efficacy of Short-Term High Dose Pulsed Dapsone Combination Therapy in the Treatment of Chronic Lyme Disease/Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome (PTLDS) and Associated Co-Infections: A Report of Three Cases and Literature Review. Antibiotics. 2022;11(7):912. doi:10.3390/antibiotics11070912.
532. Houlihan KL, Keoseyan PP, Juba AN, et al. Folic Acid Improves Parkin-Null Drosophila Phenotypes and Transiently Reduces Vulnerable Dopaminergic Neuron Mitochondrial Hydrogen Peroxide Levels and Glutathione Redox Equilibrium. Antioxidants. 2022;11(10):2068. doi:10.3390/antiox11102068.
533. Hove-Jensen B, Andersen KR, Kilstrup M, et al. Phosphoribosyl Diphosphate (PRPP): Biosynthesis, Enzymology, Utilization, and Metabolic Significance. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2017;81(1). doi:10.1128/mmbr.00040-16.
534. Hrubša M, Siatka T, Nejmanová I, et al. Biological Properties of Vitamins of the B-Complex, Part 1: Vitamins B1, B2, B3, and B5. Nutrients. 2022;14(3):484. doi:10.3390/nu14030484.
535. Hu H, Chen L, Dai S, et al. Effect of Glutamine on Antioxidant Capacity and Lipid Peroxidation in the Breast Muscle of Heat-stressed Broilers via Antioxidant Genes and HSP70 Pathway. Animals. 2020;10(3):404. doi:10.3390/ani10030404.
536. Hu H, Dai S, Li J, et al. Glutamine improves heat stress–induced oxidative damage in the broiler thigh muscle by activating the nuclear factor erythroid 2–related 2/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 signaling pathway. Poultry Science. 2020;99(3):1454-1461. doi:10.1016/j.psj.2019.11.001.
537. Hu J, Guo P, Mao R, et al. Gut Microbiota Signature of Obese Adults Across Different Classifications. DMSO. 2022;15:3933-3947. doi:10.2147/dmso.s387523.
538. Hu J, Ying H, Zheng Y, et al. Alanyl-Glutamine Protects against Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Liver Injury in Mice via Alleviating Oxidative Stress, Inhibiting Inflammation, and Regulating Autophagy. Antioxidants. 2022;11(6):1070. doi:10.3390/antiox11061070.
539. Hu J, Zheng Y, Ying H, et al. Alanyl-Glutamine Protects Mice against Methionine- and Choline-Deficient-Diet-Induced Steatohepatitis and Fibrosis by Modulating Oxidative Stress and Inflammation. Nutrients. 2022;14(18):3796. doi:10.3390/nu14183796a.
540. Hu JX, Ma WJ, He LY, et al. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) acetylation protects neurons from ischemic injury. Cell Death Dis. 2022;13(5). doi:10.1038/s41419-022-04918-2.
541. Hu L, Ibrahim K, Stucki M, et al. Secondary NAD+ deficiency in the inherited defect of glutamine synthetase. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2015;38(6):1075-1083. doi:10.1007/s10545-015-9846-4.
542. Hu W, Chen Z. Glutamine and Epilepsy. Glutamine in Clinical Nutrition. 2014:415-425. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1932-1_31.
543. Huang H, Lin Z, Zeng Y, et al. Probiotic and glutamine treatments attenuate alcoholic liver disease in a rat model. Exp Ther Med. 2019. doi:10.3892/etm.2019.8123.
544. Huang H, Koelle P, Fendler M, et al. Niacin Reverses Migratory Macrophage Foam Cell Arrest Mediated by oxLDL In Vitro. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(12):e114643. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0114643.
545. Huang J, Cui L, Natarajan M, et al. The ratio of nicotinic acid to nicotinamide as a microbial biomarker for assessing cell therapy product sterility. Molecular Therapy – Methods & Clinical Development. 2022;25:410-424. doi:10.1016/j.omtm.2022.04.006.
546. Huang KH, Lee CH, Cheng YD, et al. Correlation between long-term use of metformin and incidence of NAFLD among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A real-world cohort study. Front Endocrinol. 2022;13. doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.1027484.
547. Huang Z, Sun Z, Liu J, et al. Insect transient receptor potential vanilloid channels as potential targets of insecticides. Developmental & Comparative Immunology. 2023;148:104899. doi:10.1016/j.dci.2023.104899.
548. Huang ZP, Liu SF, Zhuang JL, et al. Role of microglial metabolic reprogramming in Parkinson’s disease. Biochemical Pharmacology. 2023;213:115619. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115619.
549. Hui S, Heng L, Shaodong W, et al. Pellagra affecting a patient with Crohn’s disease. An Bras Dermatol. 2017;92(6):879-881. doi:10.1590/abd1806-4841.20174461.
550. Hunter-Lavin C, Hudson PR, Mukherjee S, et al. Folate supplementation reduces serum Hsp70 levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. Cell Stress Chaper. 2004;9(4):344. doi:10.1379/csc-28r.1.
551. Huo Y, Li J, Qin X, et al. Efficacy of Folic Acid Therapy in Primary Prevention of Stroke Among Adults With Hypertension in China. JAMA. 2015;313(13):1325. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.2274.
552. Husebye ESN, Wendel AWK, Gilhus NE, et al. Plasma unmetabolized folic acid in pregnancy and risk of autistic traits and language impairment in antiseizure medication–exposed children of women with epilepsy. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2022;115(5):1432-1440. doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqab436.
553. Hussan MT, Sakai A, Matsui H. Glutamatergic pathways in the brains of turtles: A comparative perspective among reptiles, birds, and mammals. Front Neuroanat. 2022;16. doi:10.3389/fnana.2022.937504.
554. Hwang E, Portillo B, Grose K, et al. Exercise-induced hypothalamic neuroplasticity: Implications for energy and glucose metabolism. Molecular Metabolism. 2023;73:101745. doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101745.
555. Hwang SY, Sung B, Kim ND. Roles of folate in skeletal muscle cell development and functions. Arch Pharm Res. 2019;42(4):319-325. doi:10.1007/s12272-018-1100-9.
556. Ibrahim W, Tousson E, El-Masry T, et al. The effect of folic acid as an antioxidant on the hypothalamic monoamines in experimentally induced hypothyroid rat. Toxicol Ind Health. 2011;28(3):253-261. doi:10.1177/0748233711410913.
557. Ibrahim WW, Sayed RH, Kandil EA, et al. Niacin mitigates blood–brain barrier tight junctional proteins dysregulation and cerebral inflammation in ketamine rat model of psychosis: Role of GPR109A receptor. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. 2022;119:110583. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110583.
558. Icard P, Lincet H, Wu Z, et al. The key role of Warburg effect in SARS-CoV-2 replication and associated inflammatory response. Biochimie. 2021;180:169-177. doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2020.11.010.
559. Ikenouchi-Sugita A, Sugita K. Niacin deficiency and cutaneous immunity. Jpn J Clin Immunol. 2015;38(1):37-44. doi:10.2177/jsci.38.37.
560. Ilkhani F, Hosseini B, Saedisomeolia A. Niacin and oxidative stress: a mini-review. Journal of Nutritional Medicine and Diet Care. 2016;2(1):014. URL:https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/jnmdc/journal-of-nutritional-medicine-and-diet-care-jnmdc-2-014.php.
561. Imahori Y, Vetrano DL, Xia X, et al. Association of resting heart rate with cognitive decline and dementia in older adults: A population‐based cohort study. Alzheimer’s & Dementia. 2021;18(10):1779-1787. doi:10.1002/alz.12495.
562. Imai S ichiro, Guarente L. NAD+ and sirtuins in aging and disease. Trends in Cell Biology. 2014;24(8):464-471. doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2014.04.002.
563. Imsuwansri T, Hoare DJ, Phaisaltuntiwongs W, et al. Glutamate receptor antagonists for tinnitus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012391.
564. Ishak Gabra MB, Yang Y, Li H, et al. Dietary glutamine supplementation suppresses epigenetically-activated oncogenic pathways to inhibit melanoma tumour growth. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1). doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17181-w.
565. Ishii N, Nishihara Y. Pellagra among chronic alcoholics: clinical and pathological study of 20 necropsy cases. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 1981;44(3):209-215. doi:10.1136/jnnp.44.3.209.
566. Ishii N, Nishihara Y. Pellagra encephalopathy among tuberculous patients: its relation to isoniazid therapy. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 1985;48(7):628-634. doi:10.1136/jnnp.48.7.628.
567. Isik S, Yeman Kiyak B, Akbayir R, Seyhali R, Arpaci T. Microglia Mediated Neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s Disease. Cells. 2023;12(7):1012. doi:10.3390/cells12071012.
568. Ismail S, Eljazzar S, Ganji V. Intended and Unintended Benefits of Folic Acid Fortification—A Narrative Review. Foods. 2023;12(8):1612. doi:10.3390/foods12081612.
569. Izadpanah A, Mudd JC, Garcia JGN, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection dysregulates NAD metabolism. Front Immunol. 2023;14. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1158455.
570. Jacobse J, Li J, Rings EHHM, et al. Intestinal Regulatory T Cells as Specialized Tissue-Restricted Immune Cells in Intestinal Immune Homeostasis and Disease. Front Immunol. 2021;12. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.716499.
571. Jacobson EL, Kim H, Kim M, et al. Niacin: Vitamin and Antidyslipidemic Drug. Subcellular Biochemistry. 2011;37-47. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-2199-9_3.
572. Jacobson MK, Jacobson EL. Vitamin B3 in Health and Disease: Toward the Second Century of Discovery. Methods in Molecular Biology. 2018:3-8. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-8588-3_1.
573. Jadavji NM, Wieske F, Dirnagl U, et al. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency alters levels of glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid in brain tissue. Molecular Genetics and Metabolism Reports. 2015;3:1-4. doi:10.1016/j.ymgmr.2015.02.001.
574. Jadeja RN, Jones MA, Fromal O, et al. Loss of GPR109A/HCAR2 induces aging-associated hepatic steatosis. Aging. 2019;11(2):386-400. doi:10.18632/aging.101743.
575. Jadeja RN, Martin PM. GPR109A activation and aging liver. Aging. 2019;11(19):8044-8045. doi:10.18632/aging.102343.
576. Jafari-Vayghan H, Varshosaz P, Hajizadeh-Sharafabad F, et al. A comprehensive insight into the effect of glutamine supplementation on metabolic variables in diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2020;17(1). doi:10.1186/s12986-020-00503-6.
577. Jain N, Utreja D, Kaur K, et al. Novel Derivatives of Nicotinic Acid as Promising Anticancer Agents. MRMC. 2021;21(7):847-882. doi:10.2174/1389557520666201116144756.
578. James LA, Lunn PG, Middleton S, et al. Glutamine oxidation and utilization by rat and human oesophagus and duodenum. Br J Nutr. 1999;81(4):323-329. doi:10.1017/s0007114599000574.
579. Jara CP, de Andrade Berti B, Mendes NF, et al. Glutamic acid promotes hair growth in mice. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-021-94816-y.
580. Jarvis JL, Cayer D. Effects of Radiation Therapy on the Urinary Excretion of Niacin and Riboflavin in Patients with Malignant Diseases. Radiology. 1949;52(4):574-578. doi:10.1148/52.4.574.
581. Jaślan D, Ferro IF, Kudrina V, et al. PI(3,5)P2 and NAADP: Team players or lone warriors? – New insights into TPC activation modes. Cell Calcium. 2023;109:102675. doi:10.1016/j.ceca.2022.102675.
582. Jasłowski D. B vitamins in diseases of the nervous system - facts and myths. J Educ Health Sport. 2023;13(5):100-104. doi:10.12775/jehs.2023.13.05.014.
583. Jayakumar A, Hong JS, Barnes EM Jr. Feedback inhibition of ammonium (methylammonium) ion transport in Escherichia coli by glutamine and glutamine analogs. J Bacteriol. 1987;169(2):553-557. doi:10.1128/jb.169.2.553-557.1987.
584. Jayashankar SS, Tajul Arifin KT, Nasaruddin ML. β-Hydroxybutyrate Regulates Activated Microglia to Alleviate Neurodegenerative Processes in Neurological Diseases: A Scoping Review. Nutrients. 2023;15(3):524. doi:10.3390/nu15030524.
585. Jenkins DJA, Spence JD, Giovannucci EL, et al. Supplemental Vitamins and Minerals for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2021;77(4):423-436. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2020.09.619.
586. Jeong SY, Im Y, Youm J, et al. l-Glutamine Attenuates DSS-Induced Colitis via Induction of MAPK Phosphatase-1. Nutrients. 2018;10(3):288. doi:10.3390/nu10030288.
587. Jha S, Kant S. Folate supplementation as a strategy to reduce Neural Tube Defects. Indian J Community Health. 2022;34(2):147-149. doi:10.47203/ijch.2022.v34i02.002.
588. Ji FJ, Wang LX, Yang HS, et al. Review: The roles and functions of glutamine on intestinal health and performance of weaning pigs. Animal. 2019;13(11):2727-2735. doi:10.1017/s1751731119001800.
589. Ji X, Zheng M, Yu T, et al. NAD+-Consuming Enzymes in Stem Cell Homeostasis. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2023;2023:1-11. doi:10.1155/2023/4985726.
590. Jia D, Bai P, Wan N, et al. Niacin Attenuates Pulmonary Hypertension Through H-PGDS in Macrophages. Circ Res. 2020;127(10):1323-1336. doi:10.1161/circresaha.120.316784.
591. Jia H, Liu C, Li D, et al. Metabolomic analyses reveal new stage-specific features of COVID-19. Eur Respir J. 2021;59(2):2100284. doi:10.1183/13993003.00284-2021.
592. Jia X, He Y, Li L, et al. Pharmacological targeting of gastric mucosal barrier with traditional Chinese medications for repairing gastric mucosal injury. Front Pharmacol. 2023;14. doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1091530.
593. Jia X, Zhu J, Bian X, et al. Importance of glutamine in synaptic vesicles revealed by functional studies of SLC6A17 and its mutations pathogenic for intellectual disability. eLife. 2023;12. doi:10.7554/elife.86972.2.
594. Jiang H, Li CY. High dose niacin in the treatment of acne vulgaris: a pilot study. Chinese Journal of Aesthetic Medicine. 2016;12:54-59. doi:10.15909/j.cnki.cn61-1347/r.001491.
595. Jiang X, Lu N, Zhao H, et al. The Microbiome–Metabolome Response in the Colon of Piglets Under the Status of Weaning Stress. Front Microbiol. 2020;11. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.02055.
596. Jiang Y, Zhang Z, Zhu Y, et al. Dose-response association between dietary folate and niacin intakes with diabetes among Chinese adults: a cross-sectional study. J Health Popul Nutr. 2023;42(1). doi:10.1186/s41043-023-00362-w.
597. Jin FY, Kamanna VS, Kashyap ML. Niacin Accelerates Intracellular ApoB Degradation by Inhibiting Triacylglycerol Synthesis in Human Hepatoblastoma (HepG2) Cells. ATVB. 1999;19(4):1051-1059. doi:10.1161/01.atv.19.4.1051.
598. Jin X, Xu Z, Fan R, et al. HO-1 alleviates cholesterol-induced oxidative stress through activation of Nrf2/ERK and inhibition of PI3K/AKT pathways in endothelial cells. Molecular Medicine Reports. 2017;16(3):3519-3527. doi:10.3892/mmr.2017.6962.
599. Jin Y, Singh P, Chung HJ, et al. Blood Ammonia as a Possible Etiological Agent for Alzheimer’s Disease. Nutrients. 2018;10(5):564. doi:10.3390/nu10050564.
600. Jin Y, Zhang Q, Qin X, et al. Carbon dots derived from folic acid attenuates osteoarthritis by protecting chondrocytes through NF-κB/MAPK pathway and reprogramming macrophages. J Nanobiotechnol. 2022;20(1). doi:10.1186/s12951-022-01681-6.
601. Johannessen M, Delghandi MP, Seternes OM, et al. Synergistic activation of CREB-mediated transcription by forskolin and phorbol ester requires PKC and depends on the glutamine-rich Q2 transactivation domain. Cellular Signalling. 2004;16(10):1187-1199. doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2004.03.009.
602. Johansson JO, Egberg N, Asplund-Carlson A, et al. Nicotinic Acid Treatment Shifts the Fibrinolytic Balance Favourably and Decreases Plasma Fibrinogen in Hypertriglyceridaemic Men. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation. 1997;4(3):165-171. doi:10.1177/174182679700400302.
603. John J, Kodama T, Siegel JM. Caffeine promotes glutamate and histamine release in the posterior hypothalamus. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 2014;307(6):R704-R710. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00114.2014.
604. Johnson S, Imai S. NAD+ biosynthesis, aging, and disease. F1000Res. 2018;7:132. doi:10.12688/f1000research.12120.1.
605. Jokinen R, Pirnes-Karhu S, Pietiläinen KH, et al. Adipose tissue NAD+-homeostasis, sirtuins and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases -important players in mitochondrial metabolism and metabolic health. Redox Biology. 2017;12:246-263. doi:10.1016/j.redox.2017.02.011.
606. Jones BL, Monty KJ. Glutamine as a feedback inhibitor of the Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides nitrogenase system. J Bacteriol. 1979;139(3):1007-1013. doi:10.1128/jb.139.3.1007-1013.1979.
607. Jonsson B. Nicotinic Acid Long-Term Effectiveness in a Patient with Bipolar Type II Disorder: A Case of Vitamin Dependency. Nutrients. 2018;10(2):134. doi:10.3390/nu10020134.
608. Josefsson M, Daniels MJ. Bayesian Semi-parametric G-computation For Causal Inference in a Cohort Study with Mnar Dropout and Death. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series C: Applied Statistics. 2021;70(2):398-414. doi:10.1111/rssc.12464.
609. Juneja D, Nasa P, Jain R. Metformin toxicity: A meta-summary of case reports. WJD. 2022;13(8):654-664. doi:10.4239/wjd.v13.i8.654.
610. Jusup I, Murtantyo H, Woroasih S, et al. Folic Acid as the Adjuvant Therapy for Chronic Schizophrenia: A Comprehensive Study on Glutathione Reductase. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2022;10(T7):87-91. doi:10.3889/oamjms.2022.9308.
611. Kakhki S, Goodarzi M, Abbaszade‐Cheragheali A, et al. Folic acid supplementation improved cognitive deficits associated with lithium administration during pregnancy in rat offspring. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience. 2023. doi:10.1002/jdn.10289.
612. Kamanna VS, Kashyap ML. Mechanism of Action of Niacin. The American Journal of Cardiology. 2008;101(8):S20-S26. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.02.029.
613. Kamanna VS, Kashyap ML. Nicotinic Acid (Niacin) Receptor Agonists: Will They Be Useful Therapeutic Agents? The American Journal of Cardiology. 2007;100(11):S53-S61. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.09.080.
614. Kang BE, Choi J, Stein S, et al. Implications of NAD+boosters in translational medicine. Eur J Clin Invest. 2020;50(10). doi:10.1111/eci.13334.
615. Kang JH, Loomis SJ, Wiggs JL, et al. A Prospective Study of Folate, Vitamin B6, and Vitamin B12 Intake in Relation to Exfoliation Glaucoma or Suspected Exfoliation Glaucoma. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2014;132(5):549. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2014.100.
616. Kang S, Kim E, Cho H, et al. Associations between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and cognitive impairment and the effect modification of inflammation. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-022-16788-x.
617. Kao C, Hsu J, Bandi V, et al. Alterations in glutamine metabolism and its conversion to citrulline in sepsis. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2013;304(12):E1359-E1364. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00628.2012.
618. Kao YS, Yeh CC, Chen YF. The Relationship between Cancer and Dementia: An Updated Review. Cancers. 2023;15(3):640. doi:10.3390/cancers15030640.
619. Kaplon RE, Gano LB, Seals DR. Vascular endothelial function and oxidative stress are related to dietary niacin intake among healthy middle-aged and older adults. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2014;116(2):156-163. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00969.2013.
620. Karaçil Ermumcu MŞ, Acar Tek N. Effects of High-dose Folic Acid Supplementation on Maternal/Child Health Outcomes: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Pregnancy and Insulin Resistance in Offspring. Canadian Journal of Diabetes. 2023;47(2):133-142. doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2022.10.008.
621. Kashyap ML, Ganji S, Nakra NK, et al. Niacin for treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): novel use for an old drug? Journal of Clinical Lipidology. 2019;13(6):873-879. doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2019.10.006.
622. Katar M, Deveci H, Deveci K. Evaluation of clinical relationship of serum niacin and dopamine levels in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. Turk J Phys Med Rehab. 2022;68(1):84-90. doi:10.5606/tftrd.2022.8529.
623. Kats D. Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 Fundamentally Anchored by Nicotinic Acid through NAADP-regulated Ca2+ Channeling. Sci Adv. 2022;8(5_eLetter). doi:10.1126/sciadv.abl9770.
624. Kats D, Evenson KR, Zeng D, et al. Leisure-time physical activity volume, intensity, and duration from mid- to late-life in U.S. subpopulations by race and sex. The Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities (ARIC) Study. Aging. 2020;12(5):4592-4602. doi:10.18632/aging.102916.
625. Kats D, Knowles JW, Reaven GM, et al. Abstract MP37: The Triglyceride to High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Ratio, an Estimate of Insulin Resistance, is Associated with Incident Coronary Heart Disease. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Circulation. 2016;133(suppl_1). doi:10.1161/circ.133.suppl_1.mp37.
626. Kats D, Patel MD, Palta P, et al. Social support and cognition in a community-based cohort: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Age Ageing. 2016;45(4):475-480. doi:10.1093/ageing/afw060.
627. Kats D. Sufficient Niacin Supply: The Missing Puzzle Piece to COVID-19, and beyond?. 2021. doi:10.20944/preprints202101.0180.v1.
628. Kats D, Sharrett AR, Ginsberg HN, et al. Postprandial lipemia and the risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. BMJ Open Diabetes Research and Care. 2017;5:e000335. doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2016-000335.
629. Katz IR. Glutamine inhibits the accumulation and hydroxylation of tryptophan in rat striatal synaptosomes. Brain Research. 1983;264(1):160-164. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(83)91136-8.
630. Kaur H, Sarma P, Bhattacharyya A, et al. Folic acid as placebo in controlled clinical trials of hydroxychloroquine prophylaxis in COVID-19: Is it scientifically justifiable? Medical Hypotheses. 2021;149:110539. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2021.110539.
631. Kaye AD, Jeha GM, Pham AD, et al. Folic Acid Supplementation in Patients with Elevated Homocysteine Levels. Adv Ther. 2020;37(10):4149-4164. doi:10.1007/s12325-020-01474-z.
632. Kayshap ML, Ganji S, Kammana VS. Pharmacologic Therapy with Niacin for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD): Emerging Evidence. Archives of Gastroenterology Research. 2020;1(3). doi:10.33696/gastroenterology.1.015.
633. Keene D, Price C, Shun-Shin MJ, et al. Effect on cardiovascular risk of high density lipoprotein targeted drug treatments niacin, fibrates, and CETP inhibitors: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials including 117 411 patients. BMJ. 2014;349(jul18 2):g4379-g4379. doi:10.1136/bmj.g4379.
634. Kell DB, Pretorius E. The potential role of ischaemia–reperfusion injury in chronic, relapsing diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, Long COVID, and ME/CFS: evidence, mechanisms, and therapeutic implications. Biochemical Journal. 2022;479(16):1653-1708. doi:10.1042/bcj20220154.
635. Kelly DM, Rothwell PM. Disentangling the Relationship Between Chronic Kidney Disease and Cognitive Disorders. Front Neurol. 2022;13. doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.830064.
636. Kerins MJ, Ooi A. The Roles of NRF2 in Modulating Cellular Iron Homeostasis. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling. 2018;29(17):1756-1773. doi:10.1089/ars.2017.7176.
637. Kerr K, Morse G, Graves D, et al. A Detoxification Intervention for Gulf War Illness: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. IJERPH. 2019;16(21):4143. doi:10.3390/ijerph16214143.
638. Keskin O, Seremet Keskin A, Nilgün Seremet NS. Association between low serum folic acid and vitamin B12 levels with COVID-19 prognosis. Progress in Nutrition. 2022;24(3):e2022104. doi:10.23751/pn.v24i3.13462.
639. Kew S, Wells SM, Yaqoob P, et al. Dietary Glutamine Enhances Murine T Lymphocyte Responsiveness. The Journal of Nutrition. 1999;129(8):1524-1531. doi:10.1093/jn/129.8.1524.
640. Keytel L, Goedecke J, Noakes T, et al. Prediction of energy expenditure from heart rate monitoring during submaximal exercise. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2005;23(3):289-297. doi:10.1080/02640410470001730089.
641. Khalaf HS, Naglah AM, Al-Omar MA, et al. Synthesis, Docking, Computational Studies, and Antimicrobial Evaluations of New Dipeptide Derivatives Based on Nicotinoylglycylglycine Hydrazide. Molecules. 2020;25(16):3589. doi:10.3390/molecules25163589.
642. Khan M, Couturier A, Kubens JF, et al. Niacin supplementation induces type II to type I muscle fiber transition in skeletal muscle of sheep. Acta Vet Scand. 2013;55(1). doi:10.1186/1751-0147-55-85.
643. Kheriji N, Boukhalfa W, Mahjoub F, et al. The Role of Dietary Intake in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Importance of Macro and Micronutrients in Glucose Homeostasis. Nutrients. 2022;14(10):2132. doi:10.3390/nu14102132.
644. Khoshnejat M, Banaei-Moghaddam AM, Moosavi-Movahedi AA, et al. A holistic view of muscle metabolic reprogramming through personalized metabolic modeling in newly diagnosed diabetic patients. PLoS ONE. 2023;18(6):e0287325. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0287325.
645. Khurshid N, Bukhari MA, Ahmad T, et al. Exogenously applied nicotinic acid alleviates drought stress by enhancing morpho-physiological traits and antioxidant defense mechanisms in wheat. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2023;263:115350. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115350.
646. Kidawa M, Gluba-Brzózka A, Zielinska M, et al. Cholesterol Subfraction Analysis in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome. CVP. 2019;17(4):365-375. doi:10.2174/1570161116666180601083225.
647. Kim CS, Ding X, Allmeroth K, et al. Glutamine Metabolism Controls Stem Cell Fate Reversibility and Long-Term Maintenance in the Hair Follicle. Cell Metabolism. 2020;32(4):629-642.e8. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2020.08.011.
648. Kim DG, Krenz A, Toussaint LE, et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease induces signs of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in wild-type mice and accelerates pathological signs of AD in an AD model. J Neuroinflammation. 2016;13(1). doi:10.1186/s12974-015-0467-5.
649. Kim H, Min H. Folic acid supplementation prevents high fructose-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by activating the AMPK and LKB1 signaling pathways. Nutr Res Pract. 2020;14(4):309. doi:10.4162/nrp.2020.14.4.309.
650. Kim HA, Kim KJ, Yoon SY, et al. Glutamine inhibits platelet-activating factor-mediated pulmonary tumour metastasis. European Journal of Cancer. 2012;48(11):1730-1738. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2011.07.013.
651. Kim J, Pyo S, Yoon DW, et al. The co-existence of elevated high sensitivity C-reactive protein and homocysteine levels is associated with increased risk of metabolic syndrome: A 6-year follow-up study. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(10):e0206157. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0206157.
652. Kim JS, Kim W, Woo JS, et al. The Predictive Role of Serum Triglyceride to High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Ratio According to Renal Function in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(10):e0165484. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0165484.
653. Kim TS, Chung JW. Associations of Dietary Riboflavin, Niacin, and Retinol with Age-related Hearing Loss: An Analysis of Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data. Nutrients. 2019;11(4):896. doi:10.3390/nu11040896.
654. Kim YI. Folate, colorectal carcinogenesis, and DNA methylation: Lessons from animal studies. Environ Mol Mutagen. 2004;44(1):10-25. doi:10.1002/em.20025.
655. Kipsang JK, Choge JK, Marinda PA, et al. Pellagra in isoniazid preventive and antiretroviral therapy. IDCases. 2019;17:e00550. doi:10.1016/j.idcr.2019.e00550.
656. Kirkland JB. Niacin and Carcinogenesis. Nutrition and Cancer. 2003;46(2):110-118. doi:10.1207/s15327914nc4602_02.
657. Kirkland JB. Niacin requirements for genomic stability. Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis. 2012;733(1-2):14-20. doi:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2011.11.008.
658. Kirkland JB. Niacin status and treatment-related leukemogenesis. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics. 2009;8(4):725-732. doi:10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0042.
659. Kirkland JB. Niacin Status Impacts Chromatin Structure. The Journal of Nutrition. 2009;139(12):2397-2401. doi:10.3945/jn.109.111757.
660. Klimberg VS, Souba WW, Salloum RM, et al. Glutamine-enriched diets support muscle glutamine metabolism without stimulating tumor growth. Journal of Surgical Research. 1990;48(4):319-323. doi:10.1016/0022-4804(90)90066-b.
661. Klingl YE, Pakravan D, Van Den Bosch L. Opportunities for histone deacetylase inhibition in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Br J Pharmacol. 2020;178(6):1353-1372. doi:10.1111/bph.15217.
662. Knowles HJ, Poole RT, Workman P, et al. Niacin induces PPARγ expression and transcriptional activation in macrophages via HM74 and HM74a-mediated induction of prostaglandin synthesis pathways. Biochemical Pharmacology. 2006;71(5):646-656. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2005.11.019.
663. Kobayashi H, Børsheim E, Anthony TG, et al. Reduced amino acid availability inhibits muscle protein synthesis and decreases activity of initiation factor eIF2B. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003;284(3):E488-E498. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00094.2002.
664. Koelle GB, Han MS. Effect of glycyl-L-glutamine on the rate of regeneration of acetylcholinesterase in the rat gastrocnemius muscle after diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate administration. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1989;86(11):4331-4333. doi:10.1073/pnas.86.11.4331.
665. Kohli D, Majithia R, Shocket DI, et al. The Potential Role of Niacin in the Development of Indeterminant Colitis After Bariatric Surgery. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2012;107:S233. doi:10.14309/00000434-201210001-00561.
666. Koide Y, Miyoshi T, Nishihara T, et al. The Association of Triglyceride to High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Ratio with High-Risk Coronary Plaque Characteristics Determined by CT Angiography and Its Risk of Coronary Heart Disease. JCDD. 2022;9(10):329. doi:10.3390/jcdd9100329.
667. Kong D, Li J, Shen Y, et al. Niacin Promotes Cardiac Healing after Myocardial Infarction through Activation of the Myeloid Prostaglandin D2 Receptor Subtype 1. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2017;360(3):435-444. doi:10.1124/jpet.116.238261.
668. Kong, M. Using dietary glutamine supplementation for melanoma prevention and targeted therapy. NIH NCI Division of Cancer Prevention. 2023;R01CA244360. URL:https://prevention.cancer.gov/funding-and-grants/funded-grants/R01CA244360.
669. Kong Q, Gu J, Lu R, et al. NMR-Based Metabolomic Analysis of Cardiac Tissues Clarifies Molecular Mechanisms of CVB3-Induced Viral Myocarditis and Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Molecules. 2022;27(18):6115. doi:10.3390/molecules27186115.
670. Kong S, Zhang G, Yang Z, et al. Effects of folic acid supplementation on chronic atrophic gastritis based on MTHFR C677T polymorphism. Medicine. 2023;102(24):e33980. doi:10.1097/md.0000000000033980.
671. Kono S, Chen K. Genetic polymorphisms of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase and colorectal cancer and adenoma. Cancer Science. 2005;96(9):535-542. doi:10.1111/j.1349-7006.2005.00090.x.
672. Koo YS, Lee YJ, Park JM. Inverse Association of Serum Folate Level with Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components in Korean Premenopausal Women: Findings of the 2016–2018 Korean National Health Nutrition Examination Survey. Nutrients. 2022;14(4):880. doi:10.3390/nu14040880.
673. Koohpeyma H, Goudarzi I, Elahdadi Salmani M, et al. Folic Acid Protects Rat Cerebellum Against Oxidative Damage Caused by Homocysteine: the Expression of Bcl-2, Bax, and Caspase-3 Apoptotic Genes. Neurotox Res. 2019;37(3):564-577. doi:10.1007/s12640-019-00119-6.
674. Koohpeyma H, Goudarzi I, Elahdadi Salmani M, et al. Postnatal Administration of Homocysteine Induces Cerebellar Damage in Rats: Protective Effect of Folic Acid. Neurotox Res. 2018;35(3):724-738. doi:10.1007/s12640-018-9979-y.
675. Kooman JP, van der Sande FM, Leunissen KML. Kidney disease and aging: A reciprocal relation. Experimental Gerontology. 2017;87:156-159. doi:10.1016/j.exger.2016.02.003.
676. Kopp C, Hosseini A, Singh S, et al. Nicotinic Acid Increases Adiponectin Secretion from Differentiated Bovine Preadipocytes through G-Protein Coupled Receptor Signaling. IJMS. 2014;15(11):21401-21418. doi:10.3390/ijms151121401.
677. Kornfeld O, Nichols BP. Vitamin B3 confers resistance to sulfa drugs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Microbiology Letters. 2005;251(1):137-141. doi:10.1016/j.femsle.2005.07.037.
678. Kosehasanogullari G, Ozakbas S, Idiman E. Tau protein levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of the patients with multiple sclerosis in an attack period: Low levels of tau protein may have significance, too. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery. 2015;136:107-109. doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2015.05.030.
679. Kosmas CE, Rodriguez Polanco S, Bousvarou MD, et al. The Triglyceride/High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) Ratio as a Risk Marker for Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease. Diagnostics. 2023;13(5):929. doi:10.3390/diagnostics13050929.
680. Kostiuchenko O, Lushnikova I, Kowalczyk M, et al. mTOR/α-ketoglutarate-mediated signaling pathways in the context of brain neurodegeneration and neuroprotection. BBA Advances. 2022;2:100066. doi:10.1016/j.bbadva.2022.100066.
681. Kouhpayeh S, Shariati L, Boshtam M, et al. The molecular story of COVID-19; NAD+ depletion addresses all questions in this infection. 2020. doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0346.v1.
682. Kovacevic Z, McGivan JD. Mitochondrial metabolism of glutamine and glutamate and its physiological significance. Physiological Reviews. 1983;63(2):547-605. doi:10.1152/physrev.1983.63.2.547.
683. Koyama S, Sato E, Nomura H, et al. Bradykinin Stimulates Type II Alveolar Cells to Release Neutrophil and Monocyte Chemotactic Activity and Inflammatory Cytokines. The American Journal of Pathology. 1998;153(6):1885-1893. doi:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65702-1.
684. Koyanagi T, Yamada S. Effects of Dietary Niacin Concentration and Protein Content on Gastric Acidity and Vitamin B12 Binding Capacity of Gastric Mucosa in Rats. Tohoku J Exp Med. 1968;94(1):63-68. doi:10.1620/tjem.94.63.
685. Kravetz Z, Schmidt-Kastner R. New aspects for the brain in Hartnup disease based on mining of high-resolution cellular mRNA expression data for SLC6A19. IBRO Neuroscience Reports. 2023;14:393-397. doi:10.1016/j.ibneur.2023.03.010.
686. Krehl WA. Niacin in Amino Acid Metabolism. Vitamins & Hormones. 1949:111-146. doi:10.1016/s0083-6729(08)60826-2.
687. Krehl WA, Elvehjem CA. THE IMPORTANCE OF “FOLIC ACID” IN RATIONS LOW IN NICOTINIC ACID. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1945;158(1):173-179. doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(17)41603-6.
688. Krehl WA, Sarma PS, Teply LJ, et al. Factors Affecting the Dietary Niacin and Tryptophane Requirement of the Growing Rat. The Journal of Nutrition. 1946;31(1):85-106. doi:10.1093/jn/31.1.85.
689. Krehl WA, Torbet N, De La Huerga J, et al. Relation of synthetic folic acid to niacin deficiency in dogs. Arch. Biochem. 1946;11:363-369. URL:https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19461404190.
690. Kubo H, Setoyama D, Watabe M, et al. Plasma acetylcholine and nicotinic acid are correlated with focused preference for photographed females in depressed males: an economic game study. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-020-75115-4.
691. Kühnast S, Louwe MC, Heemskerk MM, et al. Niacin Reduces Atherosclerosis Development in APOE*3Leiden.CETP Mice Mainly by Reducing NonHDL-Cholesterol. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(6):e66467. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066467.
692. Kulkarni CA, Brookes PS. Cellular Compartmentation and the Redox/Nonredox Functions of NAD+. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling. 2019;31(9):623-642. doi:10.1089/ars.2018.7722.
693. Kumar V, Kancharla S, Jena MK. In silico virtual screening-based study of nutraceuticals predicts the therapeutic potentials of folic acid and its derivatives against COVID-19. VirusDis. 2021;32(1):29-37. doi:10.1007/s13337-020-00643-6.
694. Kuo KL, Chiang CW, Chen YMA, et al. Folic Acid Ameliorates Renal Injury in Experimental Obstructive Nephropathy: Role of Glycine N-Methyltransferase. IJMS. 2023;24(7):6859. doi:10.3390/ijms24076859.
695. Kuo YT, Li CY, Sung JM, et al. Risk of dementia in patients with end-stage renal disease under maintenance dialysis—a nationwide population-based study with consideration of competing risk of mortality. Alz Res Therapy. 2019;11(1). doi:10.1186/s13195-019-0486-z.
696. Kuroda M, Halfmann PJ, Kawaoka Y. Ebola virus infection induces HCAR2 expression leading to cell death. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2023. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiad344.
697. Kuvin JT, Rämet ME, Patel AR, et al. A novel mechanism for the beneficial vascular effects of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol: Enhanced vasorelaxation and increased endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression. American Heart Journal. 2002;144(1):165-172. doi:10.1067/mhj.2002.123145.
698. Kvamme E. Glutamine and glutamate mammals: Volume I. CRC Press; 2018. URL:https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ukYPEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&ots=1hE7P7Nq_C&sig=A2dbKk5WKVMMsMzgiebN8pO-uFg#v.
699. Kwasniewska A, Tukendorf A, Gozdzicka-Józefiak A, et al. Content of folic acid and free homocysteine in blood serum of human papillomavirus-infected women with cervical dysplasia. Eur. J. Gynaecol. Oncol. 2002;23(4):311-316. URL: https://www.imrpress.com/journal/ejgo/23/4/pii/2002170.
700. Kwasniewska A, Tukendorf A, Semczuk M. Folate deficiency and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Eur. J. Gynaecol. Oncol. 1997 Dec 10;18(6):526-530. URL:https://www.imrpress.com/journal/EJGO/18/6/pii/1997199.
701. Kwiterovich PO Jr. The antiatherogenic role of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Am J Cardiol. 1998;82(9A):13Q-21Q. doi:10.1016/s0002-9149(98)00808-x.
702. Kwon WY, Suh GJ, Kim KS, et al. Niacin attenuates lung inflammation and improves survival during sepsis by downregulating the nuclear factor-κB pathway. Critical Care Medicine. 2011;39(2):328-334. doi:10.1097/ccm.0b013e3181feeae4.
703. Lampropoulou DI, Bala VM, Zerva E, et al. The potential role of the combined PARP-1 and VEGF inhibition in severe SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2022;16(01):101-111. doi:10.3855/jidc.15386.
704. Lan X, Field MS, Stover PJ. Cell cycle regulation of folate‐mediated one‐carbon metabolism. WIREs Mechanisms of Disease. 2018;10(6). doi:10.1002/wsbm.1426.
705. Lane DJR, Metselaar B, Greenough M, et al. Ferroptosis and NRF2: an emerging battlefield in the neurodegeneration of Alzheimer’s disease. Essays in Biochemistry. 2021;65(7):925-940. doi:10.1042/ebc20210017.
706. Lapujade P, Cocaign-Bousquet M, Loubiere P. Glutamate Biosynthesis in Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis NCDO 2118. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1998;64(7):2485-2489. doi:10.1128/aem.64.7.2485-2489.1998.
707. Lavigne PM, Karas RH. The Current State of Niacin in Cardiovascular Disease Prevention. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2013;61(4):440-446. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2012.10.030.
708. Lassers BW, Wahlqvist ML, Kaijser L, et al. Effect of nicotinic acid on myocardial metabolism in man at rest and during exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1972;33(1):72-80. doi:10.1152/jappl.1972.33.1.72.
709. Laurieri N, Dairou J, Egleton JE, et al. From Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase to Folate-Dependent Acetyl CoA Hydrolase: Impact of Folic Acid on the Activity of (HUMAN)NAT1 and Its Homologue (MOUSE)NAT2. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(5):e96370. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096370.
710. Laviano A, Molfino A, Lacaria MT, et al. Glutamine supplementation favors weight loss in nondieting obese female patients. A pilot study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2014;68(11):1264-1266. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2014.184.
711. Le Floc’h N, Melchior D, Obled C. Modifications of protein and amino acid metabolism during inflammation and immune system activation. Livestock Production Science. 2004;87(1):37-45. doi:10.1016/j.livprodsci.2003.09.005.
712. Lebouché B, Yero A, Shi T, et al. Impact of extended-release niacin on immune activation in HIV-infected immunological non-responders on effective antiretroviral therapy. HIV Research Clinical Practice. 2020;21(6):182-190. doi:10.1080/25787489.2020.1866846.
713. Lee E, Park S. Serum folate concentration and health-related quality of life among the elderly in South Korea. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2021;19(1). doi:10.1186/s12955-021-01899-2.
714. Lee HJ, Lee J, Yoon C, et al. Association of dietary factors with noise-induced hearing loss in Korean population: A 3-year national cohort study. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(12):e0279884. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0279884.
715. Lee HS, In S, Park T. The Homocysteine and Metabolic Syndrome: A Mendelian Randomization Study. Nutrients. 2021;13(7):2440. doi:10.3390/nu13072440.
716. Lee J, Heo S, Choi J, et al. Selection of Lactococcus lactis HY7803 for Glutamic Acid Production Based on Comparative Genomic Analysis. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2021;31(2):298-303. doi:10.4014/jmb.2011.11022.
717. Lee MR, Jung SM. Folic Acid Is Related to Muscle Strength and Vitamin A Is Related to Health-Related Quality of Life: Results of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VII 2016–2018). Nutrients. 2021;13(10):3618. doi:10.3390/nu13103618.
718. Lee TY. Lower serum folate is associated with development and invasiveness of gastric cancer. WJG. 2014;20(32):11313. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i32.11313.
719. Leevy CM, Baker H, Tenhove W, et al. B-Complex Vitamins in Liver Disease of the Alcoholic. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1965;16(4):339-346. doi:10.1093/ajcn/16.4.339.
720. Legault Z, Bagnall N, Kimmerly DS. The Influence of Oral L-Glutamine Supplementation on Muscle Strength Recovery and Soreness Following Unilateral Knee Extension Eccentric Exercise. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 2015;25(5):417-426. doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0209.
721. Lei J, Ren F, Li W, et al. Use of folic acid supplementation to halt and even reverse the progression of gastric precancerous conditions: a meta-analysis. BMC Gastroenterol. 2022;22(1). doi:10.1186/s12876-022-02390-y.
722. Leite JA, Ghirotto B, Targhetta VP, et al. Sirtuins as pharmacological targets in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. British J Pharmacology. 2021;179(8):1496-1511. doi:10.1111/bph.15570.
723. Leitner BP, Lee WD, Zhu W, et al. Tissue-specific reprogramming of glutamine metabolism maintains tolerance to sepsis. PLoS ONE. 2023;18(7):e0286525. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0286525.
724. Lemprière S. Vitamin B3 promotes remyelination. Nat Rev Neurol. 2020;16(4):184-185. doi:10.1038/s41582-020-0331-9.
725. Lenders CM, Liu S, Wilmore DW, et al. Evaluation of a novel food composition database that includes glutamine and other amino acids derived from gene sequencing data. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009;63(12):1433-1439. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2009.110.
726. Lengauer C, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B. DNA methylation and genetic instability in colorectal cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997;94(6):2545-2550. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.6.2545.
727. Lengauer F. Targeting Glutamine Metabolism and Mitochondria via Natural Compounds in Cancer. Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; 2023. doi:10.5282/EDOC.31718.
728. Lengauer F, Geisslinger F, Gabriel A, et al. A metabolic shift toward glycolysis enables cancer cells to maintain survival upon concomitant glutamine deprivation and V-ATPase inhibition. Front Nutr. 2023;10. doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1124678.
729. Levy F, de Leon J. Dopamine ADHD/OCD Theories: Is Glutamine Part of the Story? Neurotransmitter. 2015. doi:10.14800/nt.891.
730. Lewis SL, Chizmar LR, Liotta S. COVID-19 and micronutrient deficiency symptoms – is there some overlap? Clinical Nutrition ESPEN. 2022;48:275-281. doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.01.036.
731. Li F, Wu C, Wang G. Targeting NAD Metabolism for the Therapy of Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases. Neurosci Bull. 2023. doi:10.1007/s12264-023-01072-3.
732. Li G, Deng X, Wu C, et al. Distinct Kinetic and Spatial Patterns of Protein Kinase C (PKC)- and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR)-dependent Activation of Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinases 1 and 2 by Human Nicotinic Acid Receptor GPR109A. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2011;286(36):31199-31212. doi:10.1074/jbc.m111.241372.
733. Li G, Shi Y, Huang H, et al. Internalization of the Human Nicotinic Acid Receptor GPR109A Is Regulated by Gi, GRK2, and Arrestin3. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2010;285(29):22605-22618. doi:10.1074/jbc.m109.087213.
734. Li J, Cao F, Yin HL, et al. Ferroptosis: past, present and future. Cell Death Dis. 2020;11(2). doi:10.1038/s41419-020-2298-2.
735. Li J, Goh CE, Demmer RT, et al. Association between Serum Folate and Insulin Resistance among U.S. Nondiabetic Adults. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-017-09522-5.
736. Li J, Kong D, Wang Q, et al. Niacin ameliorates ulcerative colitis via prostaglandin D 2 ‐mediated D prostanoid receptor 1 activation. EMBO Mol Med. 2017;9(5):571-588. doi:10.15252/emmm.201606987.
737. Li J, Qu J, Shi Y, et al. Nicotinic acid inhibits glioma invasion by facilitating Snail1 degradation. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1). doi:10.1038/srep43173.
738. Li J, Yang M, Li W, et al. Structural and functional characterization of a mycobacterial methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase utilizing NADH as the exclusive cofactor. Biochemical Journal. 2023;480(14):1129-1146. doi:10.1042/bcj20230138.
739. Li L, Sun J, Wang H, et al. Spatial Distribution and Temporal Trends of Dietary Niacin Intake in Chinese Residents ≥ 5 Years of Age between 1991 and 2018. Nutrients. 2023;15(3):638. doi:10.3390/nu15030638.
740. Li LB, Fang TY, Xu WJ. Oral glutamine inhibits tumor growth of gastric cancer bearing mice by improving immune function and activating apoptosis pathway. Tissue and Cell. 2021;71:101508. doi:10.1016/j.tice.2021.101508.
741. Li N, Liu Y, Niu L, et al. Taking SCFAs produced by Lactobacillus reuteri orally reshapes gut microbiota and elicits antitumor responses. 2023. doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3131046/v1.
742. Li N, Wen L, Yu Z, et al. Effects of folic acid on oxidative damage of kidney in lead-exposed rats. Front Nutr. 2022;9. doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.1035162.
743. Li N, Zhao Y, Shen Y, et al. Protective effects of folic acid on oxidative damage of rat spleen induced by lead acetate. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2021;211:111917. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.111917.
744. Li N, Zhao Y, Wang F, et al. Folic acid alleviates lead acetate-mediated cardiotoxicity by down-regulating the expression levels of Nrf2, HO-1, GRP78, and CHOP proteins. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2022;29(37):55916-55927. doi:10.1007/s11356-022-19821-8.
745. Li P, Lei Y, Qi J, et al. Functional roles of ADP-ribosylation writers, readers and erasers. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2022;10. doi:10.3389/fcell.2022.941356.
746. Li Q, Xie G, Zhang W, et al. Dietary Nicotinic Acid Supplementation Ameliorates Chronic Alcohol-Induced Fatty Liver in Rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2014;38(7):1982-1992. doi:10.1111/acer.12396.
747. Li R, Li Y, Liang X, et al. Network Pharmacology and bioinformatics analyses identify intersection genes of niacin and COVID-19 as potential therapeutic targets. Briefings in Bioinformatics. 2020;22(2):1279-1290. doi:10.1093/bib/bbaa300.
748. Li T, Copeland C, Le A. Glutamine Metabolism in Cancer. The Heterogeneity of Cancer Metabolism. 2021:17-38. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-65768-0_2.
749. Li W, Tang R, Ma F, et al. Folic acid supplementation alters the DNA methylation profile and improves insulin resistance in high-fat-diet-fed mice. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. 2018;59:76-83. doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.05.010.
750. Li WX, Cheng F, Zhang AJ, et al. Folate Deficiency and Gene Polymorphisms of MTHFR, MTR and MTRR Elevate the Hyperhomocysteinemia Risk. Clin Lab. 2017;63(03/2017). doi:10.7754/clin.lab.2016.160917.
751. Li WX, Dai SX, Zheng JJ, et al. Homocysteine Metabolism Gene Polymorphisms (MTHFR C677T, MTHFR A1298C, MTR A2756G and MTRR A66G) Jointly Elevate the Risk of Folate Deficiency. Nutrients. 2015;7(8):6670-6687. doi:10.3390/nu7085303.
752. Li WX, Lv WW, Dai SX, et al. Joint associations of folate, homocysteine and MTHFR, MTR and MTRR gene polymorphisms with dyslipidemia in a Chinese hypertensive population: a cross-sectional study. Lipids Health Dis. 2015;14(1). doi:10.1186/s12944-015-0099-x.
753. Li X, Jiang J, Xu M, et al. Individualized Supplementation of Folic Acid According to Polymorphisms of Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (MTHFR), Methionine Synthase Reductase (MTRR) Reduced Pregnant Complications. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2015;79(2):107-112. doi:10.1159/000367656.
754. Li X, Tu B, Zhang X, et al. Dysregulation of glutamine/glutamate metabolism in COVID‐19 patients: A metabolism study in African population and mini meta‐analysis. Journal of Medical Virology. 2022;95(1). doi:10.1002/jmv.28150.
755. Li X, Zeng YM, Luo YD, et al. Effects of folic acid and folic acid plus zinc supplements on the sperm characteristics and pregnancy outcomes of infertile men: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Heliyon. 2023;9(7):e18224. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18224.
756. Li Y, Liang M, Wang G, et al. Effects of Folic Acid Therapy on the New-Onset Proteinuria in Chinese Hypertensive Patients. Hypertension. 2017;70(2):300-306. doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.09404.
757. Li Y, Yang G, Yang X, et al. Nicotinic acid inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation via SIRT1 in vascular endothelial cells. International Immunopharmacology. 2016;40:211-218. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2016.09.003.
758. Li Z, Li S, Xiao Y, et al. Nutritional intervention for diabetes mellitus with Alzheimer’s disease. Front Nutr. 2022;9. doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.1046726.
759. Li Z, Li X, Lin S, et al. Nicotinic acid receptor GPR109A exerts anti-inflammatory effects through inhibiting the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in MIN6 pancreatic β cells. Annals of Clinical & Laboratory Science. 2017;47(6):729-737. URL:http://www.annclinlabsci.org/content/47/6/729.short.
760. Li Z, McCafferty KJ, Judd RL. Role of HCA2 in Regulating Intestinal Homeostasis and Suppressing Colon Carcinogenesis. Front Immunol. 2021;12. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.606384.
761. Liang S, Liu X, Zhao J, et al. Effects of high-dose folic acid on protein metabolism in breast muscle and performance of broilers. Poultry Science. 2022;101(10):101935. doi:10.1016/j.psj.2022.101935.
762. Liang W, Hu H. Micronutrient niacin addition to enhance biological treatment of textile wastewater. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. 2007;16(4):393-6.
763. Liang Y, Zhen X, Wang K, et al. Folic acid attenuates cobalt chloride-induced PGE2 production in HUVECs via the NO/HIF-1alpha/COX-2 pathway. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2017;490(2):567-573. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.06.079.
764. Liang X, Wang S, Zhao S, et al. Influence of niacin on nitric oxide and inducible nitric oxide synthase in serum of silica dust exposed-workers. Chinese Journal of Labor Health Occupational Diseases. 2012;30(1):59-60. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-9391.2012.01.013.
765. Liao K, Wang Y, Zheng L, et al. Effect of folic acid supplementation on diminished ovarian reserve: study protocol of a single-centre, open-label, randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial. BMJ Open. 2022;12(7):e057689. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057689.
766. Liao YF. Heme oxygenase-1 and gut ischemia/reperfusion injury: A short review. WJG. 2013;19(23):3555. doi:10.3748/wjg.v19.i23.3555.
767. Lieber CS. Alcohol: Its Metabolism and Interaction With Nutrients. Annu Rev Nutr. 2000;20(1):395-430. doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.20.1.395.
768. Liew SC, Gupta ED. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T polymorphism: Epidemiology, metabolism and the associated diseases. European Journal of Medical Genetics. 2015;58(1):1-10. doi:10.1016/j.ejmg.2014.10.004.
769. Lim HK, Luben R, Hart AR, et al. P255 Dietary niacin intake is inversely associated with the development of gallstones: a prospective cohort study. Gut. 2021. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2020-bsgcampus.329.
770. Lima AAM, Anstead GM, Zhang Q, et al. Effects of glutamine alone or in combination with zinc and vitamin A on growth, intestinal barrier function, stress and satiety-related hormones in Brazilian shantytown children. Clinics. 2014;69(4):225-233. doi:10.6061/clinics/2014(04)02.
771. Lin GL, Lin HC, Lin HL, et al. Association between statin use and the risk of gout in patients with hyperlipidemia: A population-based cohort study. Front Pharmacol. 2023;14. doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1096999.
772. Lin HL, An QZ, Wang QZ, et al. Folate intake and pancreatic cancer risk: an overall and dose–response meta-analysis. Public Health. 2013;127(7):607-613. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2013.04.008.
773. Lin J, Chang H. Effect of Folic Acid for Lowering Plasma Homocysteine Levels on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Renal Transplant Recipients. Austin J Nutr Metab. 2015;2(2):1019. URL:https://austinpublishinggroup.com/nutrition-metabolism/fulltext/ajnm-v2-id1019.php.
774. Lin L, Du Y, Niu G, et al. Folate deficiency may increase the risk for elevated TSH in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. BMC Endocr Disord. 2023;23(1). doi:10.1186/s12902-023-01422-2.
775. Lin MT. Glutamine-supplemented total parenteral nutrition attenuates plasma interleukin-6 in surgical patients with lower disease severity. WJG. 2005;11(39):6197. doi:10.3748/wjg.v11.i39.6197.
776. Lin MT, Kung SP, Yeh SL, et al. The effect of glutamine-supplemented total parenteral nutrition on nitrogen economy depends on severity of diseases in surgical patients. Clinical Nutrition. 2002;21(3):213-218. doi:10.1054/clnu.2001.0528.
777. Lin R, Yu J. The role of NAD+ metabolism in macrophages in age-related macular degeneration. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development. 2023;209:111755. doi:10.1016/j.mad.2022.111755.
778. Lin YS, Chuang MT, Chen CH, et al. Nicotinic Acid Hydroxamate Downregulated the Melanin Synthesis and Tyrosinase Activity through Activating the MEK/ERK and AKT/GSK3β Signaling Pathways. J Agric Food Chem. 2012;60(19):4859-4864. doi:10.1021/jf301109p.
779. Lin X, Meng X, Song Z. Homocysteine and psoriasis. Bioscience Reports. 2019;39(11). doi:10.1042/bsr20190867.
780. Lind MV, Lauritzen L, Kristensen M, et al. Effect of folate supplementation on insulin sensitivity and type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2019;109(1):29-42. doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqy234.
781. Linder K, Willmann C, Kantartzis K, et al. Dietary Niacin Intake Predicts the Decrease of Liver Fat Content During a Lifestyle Intervention. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-018-38002-7.
782. Lindemann G, Grohs M, Stange EF, et al. Limited Heat-Shock Protein 72 Induction in Caco-2 Cells by L-Glutamine. Digestion. 2001;64(2):81-86. doi:10.1159/000048844.
783. Lindgren O, Pacini G, Tura A, et al. Incretin Effect After Oral Amino Acid Ingestion in Humans. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2015;100(3):1172-1176. doi:10.1210/jc.2014-3865.
784. Lionaki E, Ploumi C, Tavernarakis N. One-Carbon Metabolism: Pulling the Strings behind Aging and Neurodegeneration. Cells. 2022;11(2):214. doi:10.3390/cells11020214.
785. Lipszyc PS, Cremaschi GA, Zubilete MZ, et al. Niacin Modulates Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Secretion. A Potential Mechanism Involved in its Anti-atherosclerotic Effect. TOCMJ. 2013;7(1):90-98. doi:10.2174/1874192401307010090.
786. Lipton MA, Ban TA, Kane FJ, et al. Megavitamin and orthomolecular therapy in psychiatry. American Psychiatric Association Task Force Report. 1973;7:54. URL:https://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Psychiatrists/Directories/Library-and-Archive/task-force-reports/tfr1973_Megavitamin.pdf.
787. Lipton MA, Ban TA, Kane FJ, et al. MEGAVITAMIN AND ORTHOMOLECULAR THERAPY IN PSYCHIATRY: Excerpts from A Report of the American Psychiatric Association Task Force on Vitamin Therapy in Psychiatry. Nutrition Reviews. 2009;32:44-47. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.1974.tb05190.x.
788. Listijono D. Maintenance of Mammalian Oocyte Quality and Fertility during Ageing via Sirtuin Activity and NAD+ Repletion. UNSW Sydney. 2019. doi:10.26190/UNSWORKS/2101.
789. Little C, Cosetti MK. A Narrative Review of Pharmacologic Treatments for COVID-19: Safety Considerations and Ototoxicity. Laryngoscope. 2021;131,7:1626–1632. doi:10.1002/lary.29424.
790. Liu ASLW, Neves FJ, Pinto J, et al. Reduced circulating folate among older adults caused by continuous work: nested cross-sectional study conducted in a country with folic acid fortification program. Nutrition Research. 2022;108:43-52. doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2022.10.008.
791. Liu B, Li M, Zhou Z, et al. Can we use interleukin-6 (IL-6) blockade for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-induced cytokine release syndrome (CRS)? Journal of Autoimmunity. 2020;111:102452. doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102452.
792. Liu B, Xu J, Lu L, et al. Metformin induces pyroptosis in leptin receptor-defective hepatocytes via overactivation of the AMPK axis. Cell Death Dis. 2023;14(2). doi:10.1038/s41419-023-05623-4.
793. Liu C, Duan W, Xu W. Association of Dietary Niacin Intake with Diabetes in Adults in the United States. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2023;131(06):354-361. doi:10.1055/a-2038-0476.
794. Liu D, Wang X, Kong L, et al. Nicotinic Acid Regulates Glucose and Lipid Metabolism Through Lipidindependent Pathways. CPB. 2015;16(1):3-10. doi:10.2174/1389201015666141126123401.
795. Liu GY, Meng XX, Zhang Z. Triglyceride to HDL-cholesterol ratio as an independent risk factor for the poor development of coronary collateral circulation in elderly patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and acute total occlusion. Medicine. 2018;97(39):e12587. doi:10.1097/md.0000000000012587.
796. Liu H, Ou J, Chen Y, et al. Association of Maternal Folate Intake and Offspring MTHFD1 and MTHFD2 Genes with Congenital Heart Disease. Nutrients. 2023;15(16):3502. doi:10.3390/nu15163502.
797. Liu J, Lei Y, Wang L, et al. Health Effects and Pathophysiological Mechanisms of One-Carbon Metabolism Nutrients Intake throughout the Life Cycle. Frontiers in Nutrition. 2023. doi:10:1269038.
798. Liu M, Zhou C, Zhang Z, et al. Relationship of several serum folate forms with kidney function and albuminuria: cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) 2011–2018. Br J Nutr. 2021;127(7):1050-1059. doi:10.1017/s0007114521001665.
799. Liu T, Zhou N, Fu Y, et al. Systemic metabolomics characterization of the ascending and descending property. 2023. doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3187361/v1.
800. Liu W, Zhou H, Zhu Y, et al. Associations between dietary folate intake and risks of esophageal, gastric and pancreatic cancers: an overall and dose-response meta-analysis. Oncotarget. 2017;8(49):86828-86842. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.18775.
801. Liu X, Zou M, Sun C, et al. Prenatal Folic Acid Supplements and Offspring’s Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Meta-analysis and Meta-regression. J Autism Dev Disord. 2021;52(2):522-539. doi:10.1007/s10803-021-04951-8.
802. Liu Y, Liu X, Zhou J, et al. Folic acid perfusion administration reduced abdominal fat deposition in starter Arbor Acres broilers. Poultry Science. 2019;98(12):6816-6825. doi:10.3382/ps/pez413.
803. Liu Y, Yang J, Liu X, et al. Dietary folic acid addition reduces abdominal fat deposition mediated by alterations in gut microbiota and SCFA production in broilers. Animal Nutrition. 2023;12:54-62. doi:10.1016/j.aninu.2022.08.013.
804. Liu Y, Yang Y, Yao R, et al. Dietary supplementary glutamine and L-carnitine enhanced the anti-cold stress of Arbor Acres broilers. Arch Anim Breed. 2021;64(1):231-243. doi:10.5194/aab-64-231-2021.
805. Liu Z, Huang C, Liu Y, et al. NMR-based metabolomic analysis of the effects of alanyl-glutamine supplementation on C2C12 myoblasts injured by energy deprivation. RSC Adv. 2018;8(29):16114-16125. doi:10.1039/c8ra00819a.
806. Liu Z, Zeng Y, Shen S, et al. Association between folate and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among US adults: a nationwide cross-sectional analysis. Chinese Medical Journal. 2023;136(2):233-235. doi:10.1097/cm9.0000000000002516.
807. Lo CJ, Ko YS, Chang SW, et al. Metabolic signatures of muscle mass loss in an elderly Taiwanese population. Aging. 2020;13(1):944-956. doi:10.18632/aging.202209.
808. London MJ. Cardiac failure and folate deficiency. BMJ. 1970;2(5709):604-604. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5709.604-b.
809. Lopez R. Recurrent Folic Acid Deficiency in Sickle Cell Disease. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1973;125(4):544. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1973.04160040052011.
810. López-Pedrosa JM, Manzano M, Baxter JH, et al. N-Acetyl-l-Glutamine, A Liquid-Stable Source of Glutamine, Partially Prevents Changes in Body Weight and on Intestinal Immunity Induced by Protein Energy Malnutrition in Pigs. Dig Dis Sci. 2007;52(3). doi:10.1007/s10620-006-9500-y.
811. Lopez-Vaquero D, Gutierrez-Bayard L, Rodriguez-Ruiz JA, et al. Double-blind randomized study of oral glutamine on the management of radio/chemotherapy-induced mucositis and dermatitis in head and neck cancer. Molecular and Clinical Oncology. 2017;6(6):931-936. doi:10.3892/mco.2017.1238.
812. Lowman XH, Hanse EA, Yang Y, et al. p53 Promotes Cancer Cell Adaptation to Glutamine Deprivation by Upregulating Slc7a3 to Increase Arginine Uptake. Cell Reports. 2019;26(11):3051-3060.e4. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.037.
813. Lu CC, Ke CY, Wu WT, et al. L-Glutamine is better for treatment than prevention in exhaustive exercise. Front Physiol. 2023;14. doi:10.3389/fphys.2023.1172342.
814. Lu CY, Shih YL, Sun LC, et al. The Inflammatory Modulation Effect of Glutamine-Enriched Total Parenteral Nutrition in Postoperative Gastrointestinal Cancer Patients. The American Surgeon. 2011;77(1):59-64. doi:10.1177/000313481107700122.
815. Lu J, Zhao Y, Liu M, et al. Toward improved human health: Nrf2 plays a critical role in regulating ferroptosis. Food Funct. 2021;12(20):9583-9606. doi:10.1039/d1fo01036k.
816. Lu R, Fang Y, Zhou Y, et al. A pilot study of thiamin and folic acid in hemodialysis patients with cognitive impairment. Renal Failure. 2021;43(1):766-773. doi:10.1080/0886022x.2021.1914656.
817. Lu V. The Role of Glutamine in Primed Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Fate. Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles. 2022. URL:https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7cw5t8t6.
818. Lu V, Roy IJ, Torres A Jr, et al. Glutamine-dependent signaling controls pluripotent stem cell fate. Developmental Cell. 2022;57(5):610-623.e8. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2022.02.003.
819. Luengo A, Li Z, Gui DY, et al. Increased demand for NAD+ relative to ATP drives aerobic glycolysis. Molecular Cell. 2021;81(4):691-707.e6. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2020.12.012.
820. Lugonja SI, Pantic IL, Milovanovic TM, et al. Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: The Role of Chronic Inflammation and Platelet Aggregation. Medicina. 2023;59(3):554. doi:10.3390/medicina59030554.
821. Luise D, Correa F, Chalvon-Demersay T, et al. Supplementation of mixed doses of glutamate and glutamine can improve the growth and gut health of piglets during the first 2 weeks post-weaning. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-022-18330-5.
822. Luiz Gonzaga Francisco de Assis Barros D’Elia Z, Luciana de Lima G. The COVID-19 Burden or Tryptophan Syndrome: Autoimmunity, Immunoparalysis and Tolerance in a Tumorigenic Environment. J Infect Dis Epidemiol. 2021;7(2). doi:10.23937/2474-3658/1510195.
823. Luiz Gonzaga Francisco de Assis Barros D’Elia Z. The COVID-19 “Bad Tryp” Syndrome: NAD/NADH+, Tryptophan Phenylalanine Metabolism and Thermogenesis like Hecatomb - The Hypothesis of Pathophysiology Based on a Compared COVID-19 and Yellow Fever Inflammatory Skeleton. J Infect Dis Epidemiol. 2022;8(1). doi:10.23937/2474-3658/1510243.
824. Lukasova M, Malaval C, Gille A, et al. Nicotinic acid inhibits progression of atherosclerosis in mice through its receptor GPR109A expressed by immune cells. J Clin Invest. 2011;121(3):1163-1173. doi:10.1172/jci41651.
825. Luksiene D, Jasiukaitiene V, Radisauskas R, et al. Prognostic Implications of Physical Activity on Mortality from Ischaemic Heart Disease: Longitudinal Cohort Study Data. JCM. 2023;12(13):4218. doi:10.3390/jcm12134218.
826. Lundt S, Ding S. NAD+ Metabolism and Diseases with Motor Dysfunction. Genes. 2021;12(11):1776. doi:10.3390/genes12111776.
827. Luo T, Chen S si, Ruan Y, et al. Downregulation of DDIT4 ameliorates abnormal behaviors in autism by inhibiting ferroptosis via the PI3K/Akt pathway. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2023;641:168-176. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.12.032.
828. Luo Z, Lu Z, Muhammad I, et al. Associations of the MTHFR rs1801133 polymorphism with coronary artery disease and lipid levels: a systematic review and updated meta-analysis. Lipids Health Dis. 2018;17(1). doi:10.1186/s12944-018-0837-y.
829. Lushnikova I, Kostiuchenko O, Kowalczyk M, et al. mTOR/α-ketoglutarate signaling: impact on brain cell homeostasis under ischemic conditions. Front Cell Neurosci. 2023;17. doi:10.3389/fncel.2023.1132114.
830. Lv Z, Han J, Li J, et al. Single cell RNA-seq analysis identifies ferroptotic chondrocyte cluster and reveals TRPV1 as an anti-ferroptotic target in osteoarthritis. eBioMedicine. 2022;84:104258. doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104258.
831. Ma CA, Stinson JR, Zhang Y, et al. Germline hypomorphic CARD11 mutations in severe atopic disease. Nat Genet. 2017;49(8):1192-1201. doi:10.1038/ng.3898.
832. Ma F, Wu T, Zhao J, et al. Folic acid supplementation improves cognitive function by reducing the levels of peripheral inflammatory cytokines in elderly Chinese subjects with MCI. Sci Rep. 2016;6(1). doi:10.1038/srep37486.
833. Ma L, Lee BH, Clifton H, et al. Nicotinic Acid is a Common Regulator of Heat-Sensing TRPV1-4 Ion Channels. Sci Rep. 2015;5(1). doi:10.1038/srep08906.
834. Ma L, Lee BH, Mao R, et al. Nicotinic Acid Activates the Capsaicin Receptor TRPV1. ATVB. 2014;34(6):1272-1280. doi:10.1161/atvbaha.113.303346.
835. Ma JL, Zhao Y, Guo CY, et al. Dietary vitamin B intake and the risk of esophageal cancer: a meta-analysis. CMAR. 2018;Volume 10:5395-5410. doi:10.2147/cmar.s168413.
836. Ma W, Heianza Y, Huang T, et al. Dietary glutamine, glutamate and mortality: two large prospective studies in US men and women. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2017;47(1):311-320. doi:10.1093/ije/dyx234.
837. Ma X, Luo X, Zhou S, et al. Hydroxycarboxylic Acid Receptor 2 Is a Zika Virus Restriction Factor That Can Be Induced by Zika Virus Infection Through the IRE1-XBP1 Pathway. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020;9. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2019.00480.
838. MacCann R, Landay AL, Mallon PWG. HIV and comorbidities – the importance of gut inflammation and the kynurenine pathway. Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS. 2022. doi:10.1097/coh.0000000000000782.
839. Machover D, Almohamad W, Castagné V, et al. Pharmacologic modulation of 5-fluorouracil by folinic acid and high-dose pyridoxine for treatment of patients with digestive tract carcinomas. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-021-92110-5.
840. Macia L, Tan J, Vieira AT, et al. Metabolite-sensing receptors GPR43 and GPR109A facilitate dietary fibre-induced gut homeostasis through regulation of the inflammasome. Nat Commun. 2015;6(1). doi:10.1038/ncomms7734.
841. MacMillan E, Tam R, Zhao Y, et al. Progressive multiple sclerosis exhibits decreasing glutamate and glutamine over two years. Mult Scler. 2015;22(1):112-116. doi:10.1177/1352458515586086.
842. Magnúsdóttir S, Ravcheev D, de Crécy-Lagard V, et al. Systematic genome assessment of B-vitamin biosynthesis suggests co-operation among gut microbes. Front Genet. 2015;6. doi:10.3389/fgene.2015.00148.
843. Mahajan A, Jaiswal A, Tabassum R, et al. Elevated levels of C-reactive protein as a risk factor for Metabolic Syndrome in Indians. Atherosclerosis. 2012;220(1):275-281. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.10.031.
844. Mahara FA, Nuraida L, Lioe HN, et al. The Occurrence of Folate Biosynthesis Genes in Lactic Acid Bacteria from Different Sources. Food Technol Biotechnol (Online). 2023;61(2):226-237. doi:10.17113/ftb.61.02.23.7929.
845. Mahmood L. The metabolic processes of folic acid and Vitamin B12 deficiency. J Health Res Rev. 2014;1(1):5. doi:10.4103/2394-2010.143318.
846. Mahmoud A, Begg M, Tarhuni M, et al. Inflammatory Bowel Sugar Disease: A Pause From New Pharmacological Agents and an Embrace of Natural Therapy. Cureus. 2023. doi:10.7759/cureus.42786.
847. Malek Rivan NF, Shahar S, Rajab NF, et al. Cognitive frailty among Malaysian older adults: baseline findings from the LRGS TUA cohort study. CIA. 2019;14:1343-1352. doi:10.2147/cia.s211027.
848. Malik MZ, Dashti M, Fatima Y, et al. Disruption in the regulation of casein kinase 2 in circadian rhythm leads to pathological states: cancer, diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders. Front Mol Neurosci. 2023;16. doi:10.3389/fnmol.2023.1217992.
849. Malik S, Kashyap ML. Niacin, lipids, and heart disease. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2003;5(6):470-476. doi:10.1007/s11886-003-0109-x.
850. Malinin A, Aradi D, Kuliczkowski W, et al. The in vitro effects of niacin on platelet biomarkers in human volunteers. Thromb Haemost. 2010;104(08):311-317. doi:10.1160/th10-01-0015.
851. Malouf R, Grimley Evans J. Folic acid with or without vitamin B12 for the prevention and treatment of healthy elderly and demented people. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2008. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004514.pub2.
852. Managò A, Audrito V, Mazzola F, et al. Extracellular nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase binds Toll like receptor 4 and mediates inflammation. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1). doi:10.1038/s41467-019-12055-2.
853. Manor J, Calame DG, Gijavanekar C, et al. Niacin therapy improves outcome and normalizes metabolic abnormalities in an NAXD-deficient patient. Brain. 2022;145(5):e36-e40. doi:10.1093/brain/awac065.
854. Manso HEC, Filho HCM, de Carvalho LE, et al. Glutamine and glutamate supplementation raise milk glutamine concentrations in lactating gilts. J Animal Sci Biotechnol. 2012;3(1). doi:10.1186/2049-1891-3-2.
855. Mansour A, Mohajeri-Tehrani MR, Qorbani M, et al. Effect of glutamine supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes. Nutrition. 2015;31(1):119-126. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2014.05.014.
856. Marchant JS, Lin-Moshier Y, Walseth TF, et al. The Molecular Basis for Ca2+ Signalling by NAADP: Two-Pore Channels in a Complex? messenger. 2012;1(1):63-76. doi:10.1166/msr.2012.1003.
857. Marchesini G, Zoli M, Angiolini A, et al. Muscle protein breakdown in liver cirrhosis and the role of altered carbohydrate metabolism. Hepatology. 1981;1(4):294-299. doi:10.1002/hep.1840010403.
858. Marcos-Delgado A, Fernández-Villa T, Martínez-González MÁ, et al. The Effect of Physical Activity and High Body Mass Index on Health-Related Quality of Life in Individuals with Metabolic Syndrome. IJERPH. 2020;17(10):3728. doi:10.3390/ijerph17103728.
859. Marletta AS, Massarotti A, Orsomando G, et al. Crystal structure of human nicotinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase. FEBS Open Bio. 2015;5(1):419-428. doi:10.1016/j.fob.2015.05.002.
860. Markovics A, Tóth KF, Sós KE, et al. Nicotinic acid suppresses sebaceous lipogenesis of human sebocytes via activating hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCA 2 ). J Cell Mol Med. 2019;23(9):6203-6214. doi:10.1111/jcmm.14505.
861. Marks DB, Marks AD, Smith CM. Intertissue relationships in the metabolism of amino acids. Basic Medical Biochemistry.(1st Ed.). Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins;s 1996:647-66. URL:https://basicmedicalkey.com/intertissue-relationships-in-the-metabolism-of-amino-acids.
862. Martin FP, Tytgat HLP, Krogh Pedersen H, et al. Host–microbial co-metabolites modulated by human milk oligosaccharides relate to reduced risk of respiratory tract infections. Front Nutr. 2022;9. doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.935711.
863. Martin PM, Gambhir D, Promsote W, et al. Expression of the Niacin Receptor GPR109A in Retina: More than Meets the Eye? Clin Exp Pharmacol. 2013;3(3). doi:10.4172/2161-1459.s3-003.
864. Martínez-Cué C, Rueda N. Signalling Pathways Implicated in Alzheimer′s Disease Neurodegeneration in Individuals with and without Down Syndrome. IJMS. 2020;21(18):6906. doi:10.3390/ijms21186906.
865. Martinez‐Lozada Z, Ortega A. Milestone Review: Excitatory amino acid transporters – Beyond their expected function. Journal of Neurochemistry. 2023;165(4):457-466. doi:10.1111/jnc.15809.
866. Martino ME, Joncour P, Leenay R, et al. Bacterial Adaptation to the Host’s Diet Is a Key Evolutionary Force Shaping Drosophila-Lactobacillus Symbiosis. Cell Host & Microbe. 2018;24(1):109-119.e6. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2018.06.001.
867. Maruvada P, Stover PJ, Mason JB, et al. Knowledge gaps in understanding the metabolic and clinical effects of excess folates/folic acid: a summary, and perspectives, from an NIH workshop. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2020;112(5):1390-1403. doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqaa259.
868. Masana L, Correig E, Ibarretxe D, et al. Low HDL and high triglycerides predict COVID-19 severity. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):7217 doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-86747-5.
869. Maślak E, Złoch M, Arendowski A, et al. Isolation and Identification of Lactococcus lactis and Weissella cibaria Strains from Fermented Beetroot and an Investigation of Their Properties as Potential Starter Cultures and Probiotics. Foods. 2022;11(15):2257. doi:10.3390/foods11152257.
870. Masud R, Baqai HZ. The communal relation of MTHFR, MTR,ACE gene polymorphisms and hyperhomocysteinemia as conceivable risk of coronary artery disease. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2017;42(10):1009-1014. doi:10.1139/apnm-2017-0030.
871. Masud R, Qureshi IZ. Tetra primer ARMS-PCR relates folate/homocysteine pathway genes and ACE gene polymorphism with coronary artery disease. Mol Cell Bioche`m. 2011;355(1-2):289-297. doi:10.1007/s11010-011-0866-6.
872. Maszka P, Kwasniak-Butowska M, Cysewski D, et al. Metabolomic Footprint of Disrupted Energetics and Amino Acid Metabolism in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Perspectives for Early Diagnosis and Monitoring of Therapy. Metabolites. 2023;13(3):369. doi:10.3390/metabo13030369.
873. Matasar IT, Petryschenko LM, Chernyshov AV. Water-soluble vitamins: their physiological significance, role in life of humans and their content in the nutrition of the population suffered as a result of Chernobyl accident. OHNPU. 2020;53(2):55-79. doi:10.33273/2663-9726-2020-53-2-55-79.
874. Matoth Y, Zamir R, Bar-Shani S, et al. STUDIES ON FOLIC ACID IN INFANCY. Pediatrics. 1964;33(5):694-699. doi:10.1542/peds.33.5.694.
875. Matsuyama T, Yoshinaga SK, Shibue K, et al. Comorbidity-associated glutamine deficiency is a predisposition to severe COVID-19. Cell Death Differ. 2021;28(12):3199-3213. doi:10.1038/s41418-021-00892-y.
876. Maugeri G, D’Agata V, Musumeci G. Role of exercise in the brain: focus on oligodendrocytes and remyelination. Neural Regeneration Research. 2023;18(12):2645-2646. doi:10.4103/1673-5374.373683.
877. McCord JM, Gao B, Hybertson BM. The Complex Genetic and Epigenetic Regulation of the Nrf2 Pathways: A Review. Antioxidants. 2023;12(2):366. doi:10.3390/antiox12020366.
878. McGivan JD, Bradford NM, Mendes-Mourão J. The regulation of carbamoyl phosphate synthase activity in rat liver mitochondria. Biochemical Journal. 1976;154(2):415-421. doi:10.1042/bj1540415.
879. McGovern ME. Review: Use of nicotinic acid in patients with elevated fasting glucose, diabetes, or metabolic syndrome. Diabetes & Vascular Disease. 2004;4(2):78-85. doi:10.1177/14746514040040020301.
880. McGovern ME, Malott CM, Stanek EJ, et al. 820-6 Once-daily niacin extended-release is effective and safe for treatment of dyslipidemia associated with chronic kidney disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2004;43(5):A487. doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(04)92058-x.
881. McKenney J. New Perspectives on the Use of Niacin in the Treatment of Lipid Disorders. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(7):697. doi:10.1001/archinte.164.7.697.
882. McKenney JM. A Comparison of the Efficacy and Toxic Effects of Sustained- vs Immediate-Release Niacin in Hypercholesterolemic Patients. JAMA. 1994;271(9):672. doi:10.1001/jama.1994.03510330050033.
883. McManus R, Komes MP, Griep A, et al. NLRP3-Mediated Glutaminolysis Regulates Microglia in Alzheimer’s Disease. SSRN Journal. 2022. doi:10.2139/ssrn.4178538.
884. McNulty H, Scott JM. Intake and status of folate and related B-vitamins: considerations and challenges in achieving optimal status. Br J Nutr. 2008;99(S3):S48-S54. doi:10.1017/s0007114508006855.
885. Mehra A, Arora G, Sahni G, et al. Gut microbiota and Autism Spectrum Disorder: From pathogenesis to potential therapeutic perspectives. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine. 2023;13(2):135-149. doi:10.1016/j.jtcme.2022.03.001.
886. Meltzer H, Shader R, Grinspoon L. The behavioral effects of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in chronic schizophrenia. Psychopharmacologia. 1969;15(2):144-152. doi:10.1007/bf00407047.
887. Melville J. Labile glutamine peptides, and their bearing on the origin of the ammonia set free during the enzymic digestion of proteins. Biochemical Journal. 1935;29(1):179-186. doi:10.1042/bj0290179.
888. Men X, Yang J, Yan Y, et al. Serum folate and homocysteine levels are associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes. 2022. doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2296983/v1.
889. Mengist HM, Dilnessa T, Jin T. Structural Basis of Potential Inhibitors Targeting SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease. Front Chem. 2021;9. doi:10.3389/fchem.2021.622898.
890. Mentch SJ, Locasale JW. One-carbon metabolism and epigenetics: understanding the specificity. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2015;1363(1):91-98. doi:10.1111/nyas.12956.
891. Mericskay M. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide homeostasis and signalling in heart disease: Pathophysiological implications and therapeutic potential. Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases. 2016;109(3):207-215. doi:10.1016/j.acvd.2015.10.004.
892. Merle BMJ, Barthes S, Féart C, et al. B Vitamins and Incidence of Advanced Age-Related Macular Degeneration: The Alienor Study. Nutrients. 2022;14(14):2821. doi:10.3390/nu14142821.
893. Mertes N, Schulzki C, Goeters C, et al. Cost containment through L-alanyl-L-glutamine supplemented total parenteral nutrition after major abdominal surgery: a prospective randomized double-blind controlled study. Clinical Nutrition. 2000;19(6):395-401. doi:10.1054/clnu.2000.0142.
894. Messamore E. Niacin subsensitivity is associated with functional impairment in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 2012;137(1-3):180-184. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.03.001.
895. Messamore E, Hoffman WF, Yao JK. Niacin sensitivity and the arachidonic acid pathway in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 2010;122(1-3):248-256. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2010.03.025.
896. Metelitsina TI. Effect of niacin on the choroidal circulation of patients with age related macular degeneration. British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2004;88(12):1568-1572. doi:10.1136/bjo.2004.046607.
897. Metz J. Folic Acid Metabolism and Malaria. Food Nutr Bull. 2007;28(4_suppl4):S540-S549. doi:10.1177/15648265070284s407.
898. Meyer T, Shimon D, Youssef S, et al. NAD + metabolism drives astrocyte proinflammatory reprogramming in central nervous system autoimmunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2022;119(35). doi:10.1073/pnas.2211310119.
899. Meyer-Ficca ML, Zwerdling AE, Swanson CA, et al. Low NAD+ Levels Are Associated With a Decline of Spermatogenesis in Transgenic ANDY and Aging Mice. Front Endocrinol. 2022;13. doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.896356.
900. Meynial-Denis D, Beaufrère A, Cynober L, et al. Is glutamine the cornerstone of sarcopenia in very old individuals? International Conference on Sarcopenia Research ICSR 2011. 2011;15(6). URL:https://hal.science/hal-02750272.
901. Meynial-Denis D. Glutamine metabolism in advanced age. Nutr Rev. 2016;74(4):225-236. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuv052.
902. Miao Y, Zhang B, Sun X, et al. The Presence and Severity of NAFLD are Associated With Cognitive Impairment and Hippocampal Damage. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2023. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgad352.
903. Midttun Ø, Ulvik A, Meyer K, et al. A cross-sectional study of inflammatory markers as determinants of circulating kynurenines in the Lung Cancer Cohort Consortium. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-023-28135-9.
904. Mikkelsen K, Apostolopoulos V. B Vitamins and Ageing. Subcellular Biochemistry. 2018:451-470. doi:10.1007/978-981-13-2835-0_15.
905. Miller R, Wentzel AR, Richards GA. COVID-19: NAD+ deficiency may predispose the aged, obese and type2 diabetics to mortality through its effect on SIRT1 activity. Medical Hypotheses. 2020;144:110044. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110044.
906. Mineo C, Deguchi H, Griffin JH, et al. Endothelial and Antithrombotic Actions of HDL. Circulation Research. 2006;98(11):1352-1364. doi:10.1161/01.res.0000225982.01988.93.
907. Ming S, Qu S, Wu Y, et al. COVID‐19 Metabolomic‐Guided Amino Acid Therapy Protects from Inflammation and Disease Sequelae. Advanced Biology. 2023. doi:10.1002/adbi.202200265.
908. Minhas PS, Liu L, Moon PK, et al. Macrophage de novo NAD+ synthesis specifies immune function in aging and inflammation. Nat Immunol. 2018;20(1):50-63. doi:10.1038/s41590-018-0255-3.
909. Miriuka SG, Langman LJ, Keren ES, et al. Effects of folic acid fortification and multivitamin therapy on homocysteine and vitamin b12 status in cardiac transplant recipients. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation. 2004;23(4):405-412. doi:10.1016/s1053-2498(03)00202-x.
910. Mischley LK, Shankland E, Liu SZ, et al. ATP and NAD+ Deficiency in Parkinson’s Disease. Nutrients. 2023;15(4):943. doi:10.3390/nu15040943.
911. Misselbeck K, Marchetti L, Field MS, et al. A hybrid stochastic model of folate-mediated one-carbon metabolism: Effect of the common C677T MTHFR variant on de novo thymidylate biosynthesis. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-017-00854-w.
912. Miwa S, Kashyap S, Chini E, et al. Mitochondrial dysfunction in cell senescence and aging. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2022;132(13). doi:10.1172/jci158447.
913. Moccia F, Negri S, Faris P, et al. Targeting Endolysosomal Two-Pore Channels to Treat Cardiovascular Disorders in the Novel COronaVIrus Disease 2019. Front Physiol. 2021;12. doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.629119.
914. Mohajeri M, Horriatkhah E, Mohajery R. The effect of glutamine supplementation on serum levels of some inflammatory factors, oxidative stress, and appetite in COVID-19 patients: a case–control study. Inflammopharmacol. 2021;29(6):1769-1776. doi:10.1007/s10787-021-00881-0.
915. Mohamadi Najafabadi A, Ahmadi A, Mardani S. Effect of niacin on phosphorus, calcium, parathormone and vitamin D levels in hemodialysis patients; a double-blinded randomized clinical trial. J Nephropharmacol. 2022;12(1):e10569. doi:10.34172/npj.2022.10569.
916. Mohamed Shakir KM, Kroll S, Aprill BS, et al. Nicotinic Acid Decreases Serum Thyroid Hormone Levels While Maintaining a Euthyroid State. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 1995;70(6):556-558. doi:10.4065/70.6.556.
917. Mohammed RB, Mahmood Mohammed M. Potential role of Niacin as Adjuvant to Sevelamer on Serum levels of Inorganic phosphorus, Calcium and Calcium-phosphorus product in Hemodialysis patients with Hyperphosphatemia. RJPT. 2022:2158-2162. doi:10.52711/0974 360x.2022.00358.
918. Molfino A, Logorelli F, Muscaritoli M, et al. Metabolic effects of glutamine on insulin sensitivity. Nutritional Therapy & Metabolism. 2010;28(1). URL:https://iris.uniroma1.it/handle/11573/41525.
919. Momin M, Jia J, Fan F, et al. Relationship between plasma homocysteine level and lipid profiles in a community-based Chinese population. Lipids Health Dis. 2017;16(1). doi:10.1186/s12944-017-0441-6.
920. Monov D, Pashanova O. Experimental Substantiation of the Use of Phenibut Combinations with Salicylic, Nicotinic, and Glutamic Acids in Cerebral Ischemia. Neurocrit Care. 2023. doi:10.1007/s12028-023-01719-z.
921. Monroe VS, Kerensky RA, Rivera E, et al. Pharmacologic plaque passivation for the reduction of recurrent cardiac events in acute coronary syndromes. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2003;41(4):S23-S30. doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(02)02774-2.
922. Montenegro J, Armet AM, Willing BP, et al. Exploring the Influence of Gut Microbiome on Energy Metabolism in Humans. Advances in Nutrition. 2023;14(4):840-857. doi:10.1016/j.advnut.2023.03.015.
923. Montserrat-de la Paz S, Naranjo MC, Lopez S, et al. Niacin and its metabolites as master regulators of macrophage activation. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. 2017;39:40-47. doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.09.008.
924. Moon J, Kim HR, Shin MG. Rejuvenating Aged Hematopoietic Stem Cells Through Improvement of Mitochondrial Function. Ann Lab Med. 2018;38(5):395-401. doi:10.3343/alm.2018.38.5.395.
925. Moore JB, June CH. Cytokine release syndrome in severe COVID-19. Science. 2020;368(6490):473-474. doi:10.1126/science.abb8925.
926. Moore MT. TREATMENT OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS WITH NICOTINIC ACID AND VITAMIN B1. Arch Intern Med (Chic). 1940;65(1):1. doi:10.1001/archinte.1940.00190070011001.
927. Mor A, Tankiewicz-Kwedlo A, Krupa A, et al. Role of Kynurenine Pathway in Oxidative Stress during Neurodegenerative Disorders. Cells. 2021;10(7):1603. doi:10.3390/cells10071603.
928. Morakinyo AO, Samuel TA, Adekunbi DA, et al. Niacin improves adiponectin secretion, glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in diet-induced obese rats. Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. 2015;2(4):261-267. doi:10.1016/j.ejbas.2015.08.003.
929. Moreno MC, Sande P, Marcos HA, et al. Effect of glaucoma on the retinal glutamate/glutamine cycle activity. FASEB j. 2005;19(9):1161-1162. doi:10.1096/fj.04-3313fje.
930. Morevati M, Fang EF, Mace ML, et al. Roles of NAD+ in Acute and Chronic Kidney Diseases. IJMS. 2022;24(1):137. doi:10.3390/ijms24010137.
931. Morgan JM, Carey CM, Lincoff A, et al. The Effects of Niacin on Lipoprotein Subclass Distribution. Preventive Cardiology. 2004;7(4):182-189. doi:10.1111/j.1520-037x.2004.3129.x.
932. Morita T, Mori M, Tatibana M. Regulation of N-Acetyl-L-Glutamate Degradation in Mammalian Liver. The Journal of Biochemistry. 1982;91(2):563-569. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a133728.
933. Morlion BJ, Stehle P, Wachtler P, et al. Total Parenteral Nutrition With Glutamine Dipeptide After Major Abdominal Surgery. Annals of Surgery. 1998;227(2):302-308. doi:10.1097/00000658-199802000-00022..
934. Mormone E, Iorio EL, Abate L, et al. Sirtuins and redox signaling interplay in neurogenesis, neurodegenerative diseases, and neural cell reprogramming. Front Neurosci. 2023;17. doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1073689.
935. Morris CR, Hamilton-Reeves J, Martindale RG, et al. Acquired Amino Acid Deficiencies: A Focus on Arginine and Glutamine. Nutr Clin Pract. 2017;32(1_suppl):30S-47S. doi:10.1177/0884533617691250.
936. Morris CR, Kuypers FA, Hagar R, et al. Implications for the metabolic fate of oral glutamine supplementation within plasma and erythrocytes of patients with sickle cell disease: A pharmacokinetics study. Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 2022;64:102803. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2022.102803.
937. Morris MC. Dietary niacin and the risk of incident Alzheimer’s disease and of cognitive decline. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 2004;75(8):1093-1099. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2003.025858.
938. Morris PC, Baker RTM, Davies SJ. Nicotinic acid supplementation of diets for the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell). Aquaculture Research. 1998;29(11):791-799. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.1998.tb01105.x.
939. Moutinho M, Puntambekar SS, Tsai AP, et al. The niacin receptor HCAR2 modulates microglial response and limits disease progression in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Sci Transl Med. 2022;14(637). doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.abl7634.
940. Moutinho M, Tsai AP, Puntambekar SS, et al. Therapeutic potential of niacin in Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s & Dementia. 2020;16(S9). doi:10.1002/alz.040679.
941. Mumtaz I, Ayaz MO, Khan MS, et al. Clinical relevance of biomarkers, new therapeutic approaches, and role of post-translational modifications in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. Front Aging Neurosci. 2022;14. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.977411.
942. Munoz MA, Sathyakumar K, Babu BA. Acute pancreatitis secondary to hypertriglyceridemia. CCJM. 2020;87(12):742-750. doi:10.3949/ccjm.87a.19156.
943. Murray MF. Niacin as a potential AIDS preventive factor. Medical Hypotheses. 1999;53(5):375-379. doi:10.1054/mehy.1999.0908.
944. Murray MF, Srinivasan A. INHIBITION OF HIV-1 WITH NIACIN. J Acquir Defic Syndr. 1993;6(6):707. URL:https://journals.lww.com/jaids/Citation/1993/06000/Inhibition_of_Hiv_1_With_Niacin.180.aspx.
945. Nagai A, Matsumiya H, Hayashi M, et al. Effects of Nicotinamide and Niacin on Bleomycin-Induced Acute Injury and Subsequent Fibrosis in Hamster Lungs. Experimental Lung Research. 1994;20(4):263-281. doi:10.3109/01902149409064387.
946. Nagalski A, Bryła J. Niacin in therapy. Advances in Hygiene and Experimental Medicine. 2007;61. URL:https://phmd.pl/resources/html/article/details?id=6829.
947. Nagata K, Ando D, Ashikari T, et al. Butyrate, valerate, and niacin ameliorate anaphylaxis by suppressing IgE-dependent mast cell activation: Roles of GPR109A, PGE2, and epigenetic regulation. 2023. doi:10.1101/2023.02.19.529168.
948. Nain M, Gupta A, Malhotra S, et al. High-density lipoproteins may play a crucial role in COVID-19. Virol J. 2022;19(1). doi:10.1186/s12985-022-01865-4.
949. Nakagawa T, Lomb DJ, Haigis MC, et al. SIRT5 Deacetylates Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase 1 and Regulates the Urea Cycle. Cell. 2009;137(3):560-570. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.02.026.
950. Nakagawa-Nagahama Y, Igarashi M, Miura M, et al. Blood levels of nicotinic acid negatively correlate with hearing ability in healthy older men. BMC Geriatr. 2023;23(1). doi:10.1186/s12877-023-03796-3.
951. Nakai K, Itoh C, Nakai K, et al. Correlation Between C677T MTHFR Gene Polymorphism, Plasma Homocysteine Levels and the Incidence of CAD. American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs. 2001;1(5):353-361. doi:10.2165/00129784-200101050-00005.
952. Nam T, Park D, Rah S, et al. Interleukin‐8 drives CD38 to form NAADP from NADP + and NAAD in the endolysosomes to mobilize Ca 2+ and effect cell migration. FASEB j. 2020;34(9):12565-12576. doi:10.1096/fj.202001249r.
953. Narne P, Phanithi PB. Role of NAD+ and FAD in Ischemic Stroke Pathophysiology: An Epigenetic Nexus and Expanding Therapeutic Repertoire. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2022;43(5):1719-1768. doi:10.1007/s10571-022-01287-4.
954. Naseri M, Sarvari GR, Esmaeeli M, et al. High doses of oral folate and sublingual vitamin B12 in dialysis patients with hyperhomocysteinemia. J Renal Inj Prev. 2016;5(3):134-139. doi:10.15171/jrip.2016.28.
955. Navarro MN, Gómez de las Heras MM, Mittelbrunn M. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism in the immune response, autoimmunity and inflammageing. British J Pharmacology. 2021;179(9):1839-1856. doi:10.1111/bph.15477.
956. Navas LE, Carnero A. Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD) Metabolism as a Relevant Target in Cancer. Cells. 2022;11(17):2627. doi:10.3390/cells11172627.
957. Nazari E, Hasanzadeh M, Rezvani R, et al. Association of dietary intake and cervical cancer: a prevention strategy. Infect Agents Cancer. 2023;18(1). doi:10.1186/s13027-023-00517-8.
958. Ncho CM, Gupta V, Choi YH. Effects of Dietary Glutamine Supplementation on Heat-Induced Oxidative Stress in Broiler Chickens: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Antioxidants. 2023;12(3):570. doi:10.3390/antiox12030570.
959. Negri S, Scolari F, Vismara M, et al. GABAA and GABAB Receptors Mediate GABA-Induced Intracellular Ca2+ Signals in Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells. Cells. 2022;11(23):3860. doi:10.3390/cells11233860.
960. Neves AR, Ventura R, Mansour N, et al. Is the Glycolytic Flux in Lactococcus lactisPrimarily Controlled by the Redox Charge? Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2002;277(31):28088-28098. doi:10.1074/jbc.m202573200.
961. Newsholme P, Curi R, Pithon Curi TC, et al. Glutamine metabolism by lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils: its importance in health and disease. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. 1999;10(6):316-324. doi:10.1016/s0955-2863(99)00022-4.
962. Newsholme P, Lima MMR, Procopio J, et al. Glutamine and glutamate as vital metabolites. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2003;36(2):153-163. doi:10.1590/s0100-879x2003000200002.
963. Ng CF, Lee CP, Ho AL, et al. Effect of Niacin on Erectile Function in Men Suffering Erectile Dysfunction and Dyslipidemia. The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 2011;8(10):2883-2893. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02414.x.
964. Ng TP, Aung KCY, Feng L, et al. Homocysteine, folate, vitamin B-12, and physical function in older adults: cross-sectional findings from the Singapore Longitudinal Ageing Study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2012;96(6):1362-1368. doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.035741.
965. Ngene AC, Onwuakor CE, Aguiyi JC, et al. Screening of Some Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Selected Nigerian Fermented Foods for Vitamin Production. AiM. 2019;09(11):943-955. doi:10.4236/aim.2019.911060.
966. Nguyen HP, Shin S, Shin KJ, et al. Protective effect of TPP-Niacin on microgravity-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction of retinal epithelial cells. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research. 2023;1870(1):119384. doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119384.
967. Nguyen PH, Tran LM, Hoang NT, et al. The Global Diet Quality Score is associated with nutrient adequacy and depression among Vietnamese youths. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2023. doi:10.1111/nyas.15053.
968. Nguyen TL, Kim DH. Genome-Wide Comparison Reveals a Probiotic Strain Lactococcus Lactis WFLU12 Isolated from the Gastrointestinal Tract of Olive Flounder (Paralichthys Olivaceus) Harboring Genes Supporting Probiotic Action. Marine Drugs. 2018;16(5):140. doi:10.3390/md16050140.
969. Nguyen TL, Nokin M, Terés S, et al. Downregulation of Glutamine Synthetase, not glutaminolysis, is responsible for glutamine addiction in Notch1‐driven acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Mol Oncol. 2021;15(5):1412-1431. doi:10.1002/1878-0261.12877.
970. Ni HB, Zhang Z, Qin HD. Protective effect of glutamine in critical patients with acute liver injury. World Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2011;2(3):210. doi:10.5847/wjem.j.1920-8642.2011.03.010.
971. Ni P, Yang L, Li F. Exercise-derived skeletal myogenic exosomes as mediators of intercellular crosstalk: a major player in health, disease, and exercise. J Physiol Biochem. 2023;79(3):501-510. doi:10.1007/s13105-023-00969-x.
972. Ni W, Yang X, Yang D, et al. Role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in COVID-19. Crit Care. 2020;24(1). doi:10.1186/s13054-020-03120-0.
973. NIACIN AND AMINO ACID IMBALANCE. Nutrition Reviews. 2009;13(8):239-240. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.1955.tb03505.x.
974. Nieves JW, Gennings C, Factor-Litvak P, et al. Association Between Dietary Intake and Function in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. JAMA Neurol. 2016;73(12):1425. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.3401.
975. Nikiforov A, Kulikova V, Ziegler M. The human NAD metabolome: Functions, metabolism and compartmentalization. Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 2015;50(4):284-297. doi:10.3109/10409238.2015.1028612.
976. Niño-Narvión J, Rojo-López MI, Martinez-Santos P, et al. NAD+ Precursors and Intestinal Inflammation: Therapeutic Insights Involving Gut Microbiota. Nutrients. 2023;15(13):2992. doi:10.3390/nu15132992.
977. Nishigori H, Nishigori T, Obara T, et al. Prenatal folic acid supplement/dietary folate and cognitive development in 4-year-old offspring from the Japan Environment and Children’s Study. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-023-36484-8.
978. Nisoli E, Cinti S, Valerio A. COVID-19 and Hartnup disease: an affair of intestinal amino acid malabsorption. Eat Weight Disord. 2020;26(5):1647-1651. doi:10.1007/s40519-020-00963-y.
979. Nissim I, States B, Nissim I, et al. Hormonal regulation of glutamine metabolism by OK cells. Kidney International. 1995;47(1):96-105. doi:10.1038/ki.1995.11.
980. Nissim I. Newer aspects of glutamine/glutamate metabolism: the role of acute pH changes. American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology. 1999;277(4):F493-F497. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.1999.277.4.f493.
981. Nitschke AS, do Valle HA, Vallance BA, et al. Association between prenatal antibiotic exposure and autism spectrum disorder among term births: A population‐based cohort study. Paediatric Perinatal Epid. 2023;37(6):516-526. doi:10.1111/ppe.12972.
982. Norbitt CF, Kimita W, Bharmal SH, et al. Relationship between Habitual Intake of Vitamins and New-Onset Prediabetes/Diabetes after Acute Pancreatitis. Nutrients. 2022;14(7):1480. doi:10.3390/nu14071480.
983. Nordestgaard BG, Chapman MJ, Ray K, et al. Lipoprotein(a) as a cardiovascular risk factor: current status. European Heart Journal. 2010;31(23):2844-2853. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehq386.
984. Norman K, Stobäus N, Gonzalez MC, et al. Hand grip strength: Outcome predictor and marker of nutritional status. Clinical Nutrition. 2011;30(2):135-142. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2010.09.010.
985. Novak Kujundžić R. COVID-19: Are We Facing Secondary Pellagra Which Cannot Simply Be Cured by Vitamin B3? IJMS. 2022;23(8):4309. doi:10.3390/ijms23084309.
986. Nozari E, Ghavamzadeh S, Razazian N. The Effect of Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid Supplementation on Serum Homocysteine, Anemia Status and Quality of Life of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis. Clin Nutr Res. 2019;8(1):36. doi:10.7762/cnr.2019.8.1.36.
987. Nursal AF, Kaya S, Sezer O, et al. MTHFR gene C677T and A1298C variants are associated with FMF risk in a Turkish cohort. J Clin Lab Anal. 2017;32(2):e22259. doi:10.1002/jcla.22259.
988. Oba Y, Koga T, Takano Y, et al. Uracil in the carbonaceous asteroid (162173) Ryugu. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1). doi:10.1038/s41467-023-36904-3.
989. Obrador E, Salvador-Palmer R, López-Blanch R, et al. NAD+ Precursors and Antioxidants for the Treatment of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Biomedicines. 2021;9(8):1000. doi:10.3390/biomedicines9081000.
990. Oburoglu L, Tardito S, Fritz V, et al. Glucose and Glutamine Metabolism Regulate Human Hematopoietic Stem Cell Lineage Specification. Cell Stem Cell. 2014;15(2):169-184. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2014.06.002.
991. Offermanns S. The nicotinic acid receptor GPR109A (HM74A or PUMA-G) as a new therapeutic target. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 2006;27(7):384-390. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2006.05.008.
992. Ogata S, Okumura K, Taguchi H. The Effects of Niacin on DNA Repair afterN-Methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine Treatment in Normal Human Lymphocytes. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 1997;61(12):2116-2118. doi:10.1271/bbb.61.2116.
993. Ojeda ML, Barrero MJ, Nogales F, et al. Oxidative Effects of Chronic Ethanol Consumption on the Functions of Heart and Kidney: Folic Acid Supplementation. Alcohol and Alcoholism. 2012;47(4):404-412. doi:10.1093/alcalc/ags056.
994. Ojeda ML, Rua RM, Nogales F, et al. The Benefits of Administering Folic Acid in Order to Combat the Oxidative Damage Caused by Binge Drinking in Adolescent Rats. Alcohol and Alcoholism. 2015;51(3):235-241. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agv111.
995. Olaniyi KS, Olatunji LA. Preventive effects of l-glutamine on gestational fructose-induced cardiac hypertrophy: involvement of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-4. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2019;44(12):1345-1354. doi:10.1139/apnm-2018-0754.
996. Onteeru M. Pellagra as a potential complication of anorexia nervosa: A comprehensive literature review. Human Nutrition & Metabolism. 2023;32:200197. doi:10.1016/j.hnm.2023.200197.
997. Okabe K, Yaku K, Tobe K, et al. Implications of altered NAD metabolism in metabolic disorders. J Biomed Sci. 2019;26(1). doi:10.1186/s12929-019-0527-8.
998. Okur Ö, Diniz G, Arslan OA, et al. L-glutamine Supplemented Nutrition Alleviates Damage Caused by Corrosİve Esophagitis in Rats. buchd. 2022;12(2):197-202. doi:10.4274/buchd.galenos.2022.31549.
999. Oliveira G, de Abreu M, Pelosi P, et al. Exogenous Glutamine in Respiratory Diseases: Myth or Reality? Nutrients. 2016;8(2):76. doi:10.3390/nu8020076.
1000. Ooi TC, Ishak WS, Sharif R, et al. Multidimensional Risk Factors of Age-Related Hearing Loss Among Malaysian Community‐Dwelling Older Adults. CIA. 2021;Volume 16:2033-2046. doi:10.2147/cia.s340432.
1001. Orjuela-Rodríguez T, Rojas-Cortés R, Vergara V, et al. Reacciones adversas a medicamentos utilizados para la COVID-19 en cinco países de América Latina. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública. 2022;46:1. doi:10.26633/rpsp.2022.178.
1002. Ortiz de Montellano PR. A New Step in the Treatment of Sickle Cell Disease. Biochemistry. 2017;57(5):470-471. doi:10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00785.
1003. Ostrea, Jr. EM. Prevention of Fetal Neural Tube Defect with Folic Acid Supplementation. Acta Med Philipp. 2022;56(5). doi:10.47895/amp.v56i5.5539.
1004. Ovayolu A, Bostancieri N. A prospective and comparative investigation of blood sFlt-1, P1GF, and niacin concentrations in women with premature ovarian insufficiency. J of Obstet and Gynaecol. 2023;49(4):1198-1205. doi:10.1111/jog.15554.
1005. Oyama T, Yamamoto T, Kameda T, et al. Supplementation of nicotinic acid and its derivatives up-regulates cellular NAD+ level rather than nicotinamide derivatives in cultured normal human epidermal keratinocytes. 2023. doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2481861/v1.
1006. Pack ARC. Folate mouthwash: effects on established gingivitis in periodontal patients. J Clin Periodontol. 1984;11(9):619-628. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051x.1984.tb00914.x.
1007. Paddon-Jones D, Sheffield-Moore M, Zhang XJ, et al. Amino acid ingestion improves muscle protein synthesis in the young and elderly. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2004;286(3):E321-E328. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00368.2003.
1008. Paduraru E, Iacob D, Rarinca V, et al. Comprehensive Review Regarding Mercury Poisoning and Its Complex Involvement in Alzheimer’s Disease. IJMS. 2022;23(4):1992. doi:10.3390/ijms23041992.
1009. Pais R, Gribble FM, Reimann F. Stimulation of incretin secreting cells. Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology. 2015;7(1):24-42. doi:10.1177/2042018815618177.
1010. Palawaththa S, Islam RM, Illic D, et al. Effect of maternal dietary niacin intake on congenital anomalies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Nutr. 2021;61(3):1133-1142. doi:10.1007/s00394-021-02731-9.
1011. Paley EL. Alzheimer’s disease, dementia, aging, and COVID-19. Microbiome Metabolome Brain Vagus Nerve Circuit in Disease and Recovery. 2023:291-307. doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-19122-0.00021-2.
1012. Palit SP, Patel R, Parmar N, et al. Repurposing Pitavastatin and L-Glutamine: Replenishing β-Cells in Hyperlipidemic Type 2 Diabetes Mouse Model. Life. 2023;13(4):929. doi:10.3390/life13040929.
1013. Palmer LD, Jordan AT, Maloney KN, et al. Zinc intoxication induces ferroptosis in A549 human lung cells. Metallomics. 2019;11(5):982-993. doi:10.1039/c8mt00360b.
1014. Palzer L, Bader JJ, Angel F, et al. Alpha-Amino-Beta-Carboxy-Muconate-Semialdehyde Decarboxylase Controls Dietary Niacin Requirements for NAD+ Synthesis. Cell Reports. 2018;25(5):1359-1370.e4. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.091.
1015. Pan M, Xu X, Chen Y, et al. Identification of a Chemoattractant G-Protein-Coupled Receptor for Folic Acid that Controls Both Chemotaxis and Phagocytosis. Developmental Cell. 2016;36(4):428-439. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2016.01.012.
1016. Pan X, Ye L, Guo X, et al. Glutamine production by Glul promotes thermogenic adipocyte differentiation through Prdm9-mediated H3K4me3 and transcriptional reprogramming. Diabetes. 2023. doi:10.2337/db23-0162.
1017. Pan Y, Liu Y, Guo H, et al. Associations between Folate and Vitamin B12 Levels and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2017;9(4):382. doi:10.3390/nu9040382.
1018. Panariello F, Cellini L, Speciani M, et al. How Does SARS-CoV-2 Affect the Central Nervous System? A Working Hypothesis. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.582345.
1019. Pang D, Hughes-Large J, Robson D, et al. Abstract 228: Niacin Improves Human Microvascular Endothelial Cell Angiogenic Function Under Lipotoxic and Hypoxic Conditions. ATVB. 2014;34(suppl_1). doi:10.1161/atvb.34.suppl_1.228.
1020. Papanikolopoulou A, Syrigos N, Vini L, et al. Use of oral glutamine in radiation‑induced adverse effects in patients with thoracic and upper aerodigestive malignancies: Results of a prospective observational study. Oncol Lett. 2021;23(1). doi:10.3892/ol.2021.13137.
1021. Park CW. Niacin in patients with chronic kidney disease: Is it effective and safe? Kidney Research and Clinical Practice. 2013;32(1):1-2. doi:10.1016/j.krcp.2013.02.001.
1022. Park HJ, Lee SW, Hong S. Regulation of Allergic Immune Responses by Microbial Metabolites. Immune Netw. 2018;18(1). doi:10.4110/in.2018.18.e15.
1023. Park SY, Faraci G, Nanda S, et al. Gut microbiome in people living with HIV is associated with impaired thiamine and folate syntheses. Microbial Pathogenesis. 2021;160:105209. doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105209.
1024. Parry-Billings M, Dimitriadis GD, Leighton B, et al. Effects of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism on glutamine metabolism by skeletal muscle of the rat. Biochemical Journal. 1990;272(2):319-322. doi:10.1042/bj2720319.
1025. Patel S, Yuan Y, Chen CC, et al. Electrophysiology of Endolysosomal Two-Pore Channels: A Current Account. Cells. 2022;11(15):2368. doi:10.3390/cells11152368.
1026. Patel S, Yuan Y, Gunaratne GS, et al. Activation of endo-lysosomal two-pore channels by NAADP and PI(3,5)P2. Five things to know. Cell Calcium. 2022;103:102543. doi:10.1016/j.ceca.2022.102543.
1027. Paulus YM, Gaynon MW, Leath JD, et al. High Dose Oral Niacin as a treatment for Retinal Vein Occlusions. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2012;53(14):5192. URL:https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2358905.
1028. Pavanello C, Ossoli A. HDL and chronic kidney disease. Atherosclerosis Plus. 2023;52:9-17. doi:10.1016/j.athplu.2023.04.001.
1029. Peeler HT, Daniel LJ, Norris LC, et al. UNIDENTIFIED FACTORS REQUIRED BY LACTOBACILLUS CASEI. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1949;177(2):905-916. doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)57035-6.
1030. Pehar M, Harlan BA, Killoy KM, et al. Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Metabolism and Neurodegeneration. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling. 2018;28(18):1652-1668. doi:10.1089/ars.2017.7145.
1031. PELLAGRA AND INFECTION. JAMA. 1914;LXII(21):1662. doi:10.1001/jama.1914.02560460048014.
1032. Peña-Oyarzún D, Garrido-Moreno V, Garrido-Olivares L, et al. Autophagy in the cardiovascular system. Autophagy in Health and Disease. 2022;229-241. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822003-0.00003-6.
1033. Penberthy WT. Nicotinic Acid-Mediated Activation of Both Membrane and Nuclear Receptors towards Therapeutic Glucocorticoid Mimetics for Treating Multiple Sclerosis. PPAR Research. 2009;2009:1-11. doi:10.1155/2009/853707.
1034. Penberthy WT. Pharmacological Targeting of IDO-Mediated Tolerance for Treating Autoimmune Disease. CDM. 2007;8(3):245-266. doi:10.2174/138920007780362545.
1035. Penberthy WT. The Niacin Flush Pathway in Recovery from Schizophrenia and how Arginine and Glutamine may Provide Added Benefit. Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine. 2012 Mar 1;27(1). URL:https://isom.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/The-Niacin-Flush-Pathway-in-Recovery-from-Schizophrenia-and-How-Arginine-and-Glutamine-May-Provide-Added-Benefit-27.1.pdf.
1036. Penberthy W, Tsunoda I. The Importance of NAD in Multiple Sclerosis. CPD. 2009;15(1):64-99. doi:10.2174/138161209787185751.
1037. Peng F, Lei S, Zhang Q, et al. Triglyceride/High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Ratio is Associated with the Mortality of COVID-19: A Retrospective Study in China. IJGM. 2022;15:985-996. doi:10.2147/ijgm.s346690.
1038. Peng W, Zhu Z, Yang Y, et al. N2L, a novel lipoic acid-niacin dimer, attenuates ferroptosis and decreases lipid peroxidation in HT22 cells. Brain Research Bulletin. 2021;174:250-259. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.06.014.
1039. Penna F, Bonetto A, Baccino FM, et al. Glutamine and Myostatin Expression in Muscle Wasting. Glutamine in Clinical Nutrition. 2014:513-526. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1932-1_39.
1040. Peoc’h K, Damaj L, Pelletier R, et al. Early care of N-acetyl glutamate synthase (NAGS) deficiency in three infants from an inbred family. Molecular Genetics and Metabolism Reports. 2020;22:100558. doi:10.1016/j.ymgmr.2019.100558.
1041. Pereira LC, de Paula ES, Pazin M, et al. Niacin prevents mitochondrial oxidative stress caused by sub chronic exposure to methylmercury. Drug and Chemical Toxicology. 2018;43(1):64-70. doi:10.1080/01480545.2018.1497045.
1042. Pereira TV, Rudnicki M, Pereira AC, et al. 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Polymorphisms and Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Risk: A Meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. 2006;15(10):1956-1963. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-06-0334.
1043. Perera N, Rudland VL, Simmons D, et al. Folate Supplementation in Women with Pre-Existing Diabetes. Nutrients. 2023;15(8):1879. doi:10.3390/nu15081879.
1044. Periyasamy S, John S, Padmavati R, et al. Association of Schizophrenia Risk With Disordered Niacin Metabolism in an Indian Genome-wide Association Study. JAMA Psychiatry. 2019;76(10):1026. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.1335.
1045. Perła-Kaján J, Jakubowski H. COVID-19 and One-Carbon Metabolism. IJMS. 2022;23(8):4181. doi:10.3390/ijms23084181.
1046. Perlman D. Advances in applied microbiology. Academic Press; 1972. URL:https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=g5M8Sd7QZuYC&oi=fnd&pg=PP2&ots=coK261-mVa&sig=AaEhNZsYeZfRyqLUQFuS0C_FmX8#v=onepage&q&f.
1047. Peroni E, Mora P, Motte A, et al. Fatal Fulminant Hepatitis E in a Diabetic Patient on Metformin. Diagnostics. 2022;12(10):2385. doi:10.3390/diagnostics12102385.
1048. Perriello G, Nurjhan N, Stumvoll M, et al. Regulation of gluconeogenesis by glutamine in normal postabsorptive humans. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1997;272(3):E437-E445. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1997.272.3.e437.
1049. Persaud TO, Gaynon MW, Tsong JW, et al. Effects of High Dose Oral Niacin Intake on Central Retinal Vein Occlusion. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2006;47(13):508. URL:https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2390337.
1050. Pertiwi H, Nur Mahendra MY, Kamaludeen J. Folic Acid: Sources, Chemistry, Absorption, Metabolism, Beneficial Effects on Poultry Performance and Health. Veterinary Medicine International. 2022;2022:1-9. doi:10.1155/2022/2163756.
1051. Perutz MF. Glutamine repeats and neurodegenerative diseases: molecular aspects. Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 1999;24(2):58-63. doi:10.1016/s0968-0004(98)01350-4.
1052. Pesini A, Iglesias E, Bayona-Bafaluy MP, et al. Brain pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis and Alzheimer disease. Aging. 2019;11(19):8433-8462. doi:10.18632/aging.102328.
1053. Peters KM. Effects of Niacin and Vitamin D on Endothelial Cell Angiogenic Function and Vascular Regeneration During Lipotoxicity. Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 2019:6251. URL:https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/6251.
1054. Petersen OH, Gerasimenko OV, Gerasimenko JV. Endocytic uptake of SARS-CoV-2: the critical roles of pH, Ca2+, and NAADP. Function. 2020;1(1). doi:10.1093/function/zqaa003.
1055. Petry ÉR, Cruzat VF, Heck TG, et al, Homem de Bittencourt PI Jr, Tirapegui J. Alanyl-glutamine and glutamine plus alanine supplements improve skeletal redox status in trained rats: Involvement of heat shock protein pathways. Life Sciences. 2014;94(2):130-136. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2013.11.009.
1056. Petry ÉR, Dresch D de F, Carvalho C, et al. Oral glutamine supplementation attenuates inflammation and oxidative stress-mediated skeletal muscle protein content degradation in immobilized rats: Role of 70 kDa heat shock protein. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 2019;145:87-102. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.08.033.
1057. Philipp CS, Cisar LA, Saidi P, et al. Effect of niacin supplementation on fibrinogen levels in patients with peripheral vascular disease. The American Journal of Cardiology. 1998;82(5):697-699. doi:10.1016/s0002-9149(98)00393-2.
1058. Pichler MJ, Yamada C, Shuoker B, et al. Butyrate producing colonic Clostridiales metabolise human milk oligosaccharides and cross feed on mucin via conserved pathways. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1). doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17075-x.
1059. Pieper JA. Overview of niacin formulations: Differences in pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy. 2003;60(suppl_2):S9-S14. doi:10.1093/ajhp/60.suppl_2.s9.
1060. Pike NB. Flushing out the role of GPR109A (HM74A) in the clinical efficacy of nicotinic acid. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2005;115(12):3400-3403. doi:10.1172/jci27160.
1061. Pillai JA, Bena J, Bekris L, et al. Metabolic syndrome biomarkers relate to rate of cognitive decline in MCI and dementia stages of Alzheimer’s disease. Alz Res Therapy. 2023;15(1). doi:10.1186/s13195-023-01203-y.
1062. Pillai VB, Sundaresan NR, Kim G, et al. Exogenous NAD Blocks Cardiac Hypertrophic Response via Activation of the SIRT3-LKB1-AMP-activated Kinase Pathway. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2010;285(5):3133-3144. doi:10.1074/jbc.m109.077271.
1063. Pirinen E, Auranen M, Khan NA, et al. Niacin Cures Systemic NAD+ Deficiency and Improves Muscle Performance in Adult-Onset Mitochondrial Myopathy. Cell Metabolism. 2020;31(6):1078-1090.e5. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2020.04.008.
1064. Pîrvu A, Andrei A, Stănciulescu E, et al. NAD+ metabolism and retinal degeneration (Review). Exp Ther Med. 2021;22(1). doi:10.3892/etm.2021.10102.
1065. Pitsavas S, Andreou C, Bascialla F, et al. Pellagra Encephalopathy following B-Complex Vitamin Treatment without Niacin. Int J Psychiatry Med. 2004;34(1):91-95. doi:10.2190/29xv-1gg1-u17k-rgjh.
1066. Piyathilake CJ, Henao OL, Macaluso M, et al. Folate Is Associated with the Natural History of High-Risk Human Papillomaviruses. Cancer Research. 2004;64(23):8788-8793. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-2402.
1067. Pizzorno JE, Murray MT. Textbook of Natural Medicine. Elsevier; 2021. doi:10.1016/c2015-0-02243-2.
1068. Pohl K, Moodley P, Dhanda AD. Alcohol’s Impact on the Gut and Liver. Nutrients. 2021;13(9):3170. doi:10.3390/nu13093170.
1069. Poljšak B, Kovač V, Milisav I. Current Uncertainties and Future Challenges Regarding NAD+ Boosting Strategies. Antioxidants. 2022;11(9):1637. doi:10.3390/antiox11091637.
1070. Poljšak B, Kovač V, Špalj S, et al. The Central Role of the NAD+ Molecule in the Development of Aging and the Prevention of Chronic Age-Related Diseases: Strategies for NAD+ Modulation. IJMS. 2023;24(3):2959. doi:10.3390/ijms24032959.
1071. Pollack MA, Lindner M. GLUTAMINE AND GLUTAMIC ACID AS GROWTH FACTORS FOR LACTIC ACID BACTERIA. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1942;143(3):655-661. doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)72596-9.
1072. Pollard C, Gibb Z, Clulow J, et al. NAD+ precursor concentrations are elevated in the follicular fluid of mares following oral supplementation of nicotinic acid. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science. 2022;113:103961. doi:10.1016/j.jevs.2022.103961.
1073. Pollard CL, Gibb Z, Clulow J, et al. Supplemental Nicotinic Acid Elevates NAD+ Precursors in the Follicular Fluid of Mares. Animals. 2022;12(11):1383. doi:10.3390/ani12111383.
1074. Pollard C, Gibb Z, Swegen A, et al. Nicotinic acid supplementation at a supraphysiological dose increases the bioavailability of NAD + precursors in mares. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr. 2021;105(6):1154-1164. doi:10.1111/jpn.13589.
1075. Poltronieri P, Mezzolla V, Farooqi AA, et al. NAD Precursors, Mitochondria Targeting Compounds and ADP-Ribosylation Inhibitors in Treatment of Inflammatory Diseases and Cancer. CMC. 2021;28(41):8453-8479. doi:10.2174/0929867328666210118152653.
1076. Ponti G, Manfredini M, Oliva G, et al. Predicting COVID-19 Hospitalized Patients’ Outcome with Homocysteine. Journal of Clinical Cardiology. 2021;2(1). doi:10.33696/cardiology.2.010.
1077. Ponti G, Pastorino L, Manfredini M, et al. COVID‐19 spreading across world correlates with C677T allele of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene prevalence. J Clin Lab Anal. 2021;35(7). doi:10.1002/jcla.23798.
1078. Post Z, Manfready RA, Keshavarzian A. Overview of the Gut–Brain Axis: From Gut to Brain and Back Again. Semin Neurol. 2023. doi:10.1055/s-0043-1771464.
1079. Powell FL, Tawfik A, Arjunan P, et al. Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCAR2/GPR109A) expression and signaling promotes the maintenance of an immunoinhibitory retinal environment. 2021. doi:10.1101/2021.03.15.435493.
1080. Pradhan SS, Rao KR, Manjunath M, et al. Vitamin B6, B12 and folate modulate deregulated pathways and protein aggregation in yeast model of Huntington disease. 3 Biotech. 2023;13(3). doi:10.1007/s13205-023-03525-y.
1081. Pratt AG, Crawford EJ, Friedkin M. The hydrolysis of mono-, di-, and triglutamate derivatives of folic acid with bacterial enzymes. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1968 Dec 25;243(24):6367-6372. URL:https://www.jbc.org/article/S0021-9258(18)93149-2/pdf.
1082. Primer KR, Psaltis PJ, Tan JTM, et al. The Role of High-Density Lipoproteins in Endothelial Cell Metabolism and Diabetes-Impaired Angiogenesis. IJMS. 2020;21(10):3633. doi:10.3390/ijms21103633.
1083. Protein Intake and Niacin Metabolism. Nutrition Reviews. 1946;4(6):182-184. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.1946.tb08836.x.
1084. Prousky JE. Efficacy of Vitamin B3 and Its Related Coenzymes for the Treatment of Bell's Palsy, Huntington's Disease, Migraine and Chronic Tension-Type Headaches, Multiple Sclerosis, Parkinson's Disease, and Tinnitus. Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine. 2012;27(2). URL:https://isom.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Efficacy-of-Vitamin-B3-and-its-Related-Coenzymes-for-the-Treatment-of-Bells-Palsy-Huntingtons-Disease-Migraine-and-Chronic-Tension-Type-Headaches-Multiple-Sclerosis-Parkinsons-Disease-and-Tinnitus-27.2.pdf.
1085. Prousky JE. Is vitamin B3 dependency a causal factor in the development of hypochlorhydria and achlorhydria? Journal of orthomolecular medicine. 2001;16(4):225-237. URL:https://isom.ca/wpcontent/uploads/2020/01/JOM_2001_16_4_06_Is_Vitamin_B3_Dependency_a_Causal_Factor-.pdf.
1086. Prousky JE, Lescheid DW. The Role of Vitamins B3 and C in the Treatment of Histadelia. Journal of orthomolecular medicine. 2002;17(1):17-21. URL:https://isom.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/JOM_2002_17_1_03_The_Role_of_Vitamins_B3_and_C_in_the_Treatment-.pdf.
1087. Puertas-Umbert L, Almendra-Pegueros R, Jiménez-Altayó F, et al. Novel pharmacological approaches in abdominal aortic aneurysm. Clinical Science. 2023;137(15):1167-1194. doi:10.1042/cs20220795.
1088. Pufulete M, Emery PW, Sanders TAB. Folate, DNA methylation and colo-rectal cancer. Proc Nutr Soc. 2003;62(2):437-445. doi:10.1079/pns2003265.
1089. Puthanveetil P. Metabolic Activation of PARP as a SARS-CoV-2 Therapeutic Target—Is It a Bait for the Virus or the Best Deal We Could Ever Make with the Virus? Is AMBICA the Potential Cure? Biomolecules. 2023;13(2):374. doi:10.3390/biom13020374.
1090. Qi J, Yang Q, Xia Q, et al. Low Glucose plus β-Hydroxybutyrate Induces an Enhanced Inflammatory Response in Yak Alveolar Macrophages via Activating the GPR109A/NF-κB Signaling Pathway. IJMS. 2023;24(14):11331. doi:10.3390/ijms241411331.
1091. Qiang Y, Li Q, Xin Y, et al. Intake of Dietary One-Carbon Metabolism-Related B Vitamins and the Risk of Esophageal Cancer: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2018;10(7):835. doi:10.3390/nu10070835.
1092. Qin B, Xun P, Jacobs DR Jr, et al. Intake of niacin, folate, vitamin B-6, and vitamin B-12 through young adulthood and cognitive function in midlife: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2017;106(4):1032-1040. doi:10.3945/ajcn.117.157834.
1093. Qin H, Chen Z, Zhang Y, et al. Triglyceride to high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio is associated with incident diabetes in men: A retrospective study of Chinese individuals. J Diabetes Investig. 2019;11(1):192-198. doi:10.1111/jdi.13087.
1094. Qin X, Huo Y, Langman CB, et al. Folic Acid Therapy and Cardiovascular Disease in ESRD or Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2011;6(3):482-488. doi:10.2215/cjn.05310610
1095. Qin X, Shen L, Zhang R, et al. Effect of folic acid supplementation on cancer risk among adults with hypertension in China: A randomized clinical trial. Int J Cancer. 2017;141(4):837-847. doi:10.1002/ijc.30094.
1096. Qin X, Xu M, Zhang Y, et al. Effect of folic acid supplementation on the progression of carotid intima-media thickness: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Atherosclerosis. 2012;222(2):307-313. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.12.007.
1097. Quaranta N, De Ceglie V, D’Elia A. Endothelial Dysfunction in Idiopathic Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: A Review. Audiology Research. 2016;6(1):151. doi:10.4081/audiores.2016.151.
1098. Quick G, Van Zyl J, Hawtrey A, et al. Effect of Nicotinic Acid Conjugated to DNA-Transfecting Complexes Targeted at the Transferrin Receptor of HeLa Cells. Drug Delivery. 2000;7(4):231-236. doi:10.1080/107175400455164.
1099. Rabe P, Gehmlich M, Peters A, et al. Combining metabolic phenotype determination with metabolomics and transcriptional analyses to reveal pathways regulated by hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2. Discov Onc. 2022;13(1). doi:10.1007/s12672-022-00503-3.
1100. Rachdi L, Zhou Z, Berthault C, et al. Tryptophan metabolism promotes immune evasion in human pancreatic β cells. eBioMedicine. 2023;95:104740. doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104740.
1101. Radenkovic D, Reason, Verdin E. Clinical Evidence for Targeting NAD Therapeutically. Pharmaceuticals. 2020;13(9):247. doi:10.3390/ph13090247.
1102. Radziejewska A, Muzsik A, Milagro FI, et al. One-Carbon Metabolism and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: The Crosstalk between Nutrients, Microbiota, and Genetics. Lifestyle Genomics. 2019;13(2):53-63. doi:10.1159/000504602.
1103. Raffaitin C, Gin H, Empana JP, et al. Metabolic Syndrome and Risk for Incident Alzheimer’s Disease or Vascular Dementia. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(1):169-174. doi:10.2337/dc08-0272.
1104. Raghubeer S, Matsha TE. Methylenetetrahydrofolate (MTHFR), the One-Carbon Cycle, and Cardiovascular Risks. Nutrients. 2021;13(12):4562. doi:10.3390/nu13124562.
1105. Rahman M, Muhammad S, Khan MA, et al. The β-hydroxybutyrate receptor HCA2 activates a neuroprotective subset of macrophages. Nat Commun. 2014;5(1). doi:10.1038/ncomms4944.
1106. Raina JK, Sharma M, Panjaliya RK, et al. Association of ESR1 (rs2234693 and rs9340799), CETP (rs708272), MTHFR (rs1801133 and rs2274976) and MS (rs185087) polymorphisms with Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2020;20(1). doi:10.1186/s12872-020-01618-7.
1107. Rajawat J, Chandra A. Role of Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase (PARP1) in Viral Infection and its Implication in SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis. CDT. 2021;22(13):1477-1484. doi:10.2174/1389450122666210120142746.
1108. Rajesh G, Girish BN, Vaidyanathan K, et al. Folate deficiency in chronic pancreatitis. JOP. Journal of the Pancreas. 2010;11(4):409-410. URL:https://www.primescholars.com/articles/folate-deficiency-in-chronic-pancreatitis-97972.html.
1109. Rajman L, Chwalek K, Sinclair DA. Therapeutic Potential of NAD-Boosting Molecules: The In Vivo Evidence. Cell Metabolism. 2018;27(3):529-547. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2018.02.011.
1110. Ralto KM, Rhee EP, Parikh SM. NAD+ homeostasis in renal health and disease. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2019;16(2):99-111. doi:10.1038/s41581-019-0216-6.
1111. Rämet ME, Rämet M, Lu Q, et al. High-density lipoprotein increases the abundance of eNOS protein in human vascular endothelial cells by increasing its half-life. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2003;41(12):2288-2297. doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(03)00481-9.
1112. Ramires LC, Santos GS, Ramires RP, et al. The Association between Gut Microbiota and Osteoarthritis: Does the Disease Begin in the Gut? IJMS. 2022;23(3):1494. doi:10.3390/ijms23031494.
1113. Rampogu S, Jung TS, Ha MW, et al. Repurposing and computational design of PARP inhibitors as SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-023-36342-7.
1114. Ramsay RA, Ban TA, Lehmann HE, et al. Nicotinic acid as adjuvant therapy in newly admitted schizophrenic patients. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 1970;102(9):939. URL:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1946733.
1115. Ratajczak AE, Szymczak-Tomczak A, Rychter AM, et al. Does Folic Acid Protect Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease from Complications? Nutrients. 2021;13(11):4036. doi:10.3390/nu13114036.
1116. Ravel JM, Felsing B, Lansford EM Jr, et al. REVERSAL OF ALCOHOL TOXICITY BY GLUTAMINE. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1955;214(2):497-501. doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)70896-x.
1117. Rawji KS, Young AMH, Ghosh T, et al. Niacin-mediated rejuvenation of macrophage/microglia enhances remyelination of the aging central nervous system. Acta Neuropathol. 2020;139(5):893-909. doi:10.1007/s00401-020-02129-7.
1118. Rehman J, Marsboom G. Glutamine Metabolism Regulates the Pluripotency Transcription Factor OCT4. University of Illinois at Chicago, Journal contribution. 2016. URL:https://hdl.handle.net/10027/21627.
1119. Reindl M, Reinstadler SJ, Feistritzer H, et al. Relation of Low‐Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol With Microvascular Injury and Clinical Outcome in Revascularized ST‐Elevation Myocardial Infarction. JAHA. 2017;6(10). doi:10.1161/jaha.117.006957.
1120. Ren J, Sang Y, Ni J, et al. Acetylation Regulates Survival of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium under Acid Stress. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2015;81(17):5675-5682. doi:10.1128/aem.01009-15.
1121. Ren N, Kaplan R, Hernandez M, et al. Phenolic acids suppress adipocyte lipolysis via activation of the nicotinic acid receptor GPR109A (HM74a/PUMA-G). Journal of Lipid Research. 2009;50(5):908-914. doi:10.1194/jlr.m800625-jlr200.
1122. Ren W, Yin J, Wu M, et al. Serum Amino Acids Profile and the Beneficial Effects of L-Arginine or L-Glutamine Supplementation in Dextran Sulfate Sodium Colitis. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(2):e88335. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088335.
1123. Ren X, Yang Z, Shao B, et al. B-Vitamin Levels in Human Milk among Different Lactation Stages and Areas in China. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(7):e0133285. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0133285.
1124. Ren Z, Ren P, Yang B, et al. MTHFR C677T, A1298C and MS A2756G Gene Polymorphisms and Male Infertility Risk in a Chinese Population: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(1):e0169789. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0169789.
1125. Ren ZJ, Zhang YP, Ren PW, et al. Contribution of MTR A2756G polymorphism and MTRR A66G polymorphism to the risk of idiopathic male infertility. Medicine. 2019;98(51):e18273. doi:10.1097/md.0000000000018273.
1126. Reiten OK, Wilvang MA, Mitchell SJ, et al. Preclinical and clinical evidence of NAD+ precursors in health, disease, and ageing. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development. 2021;199:111567. doi:10.1016/j.mad.2021.111567.
1127. Retief FP. Cardiac failure and folate deficiency. BMJ. 1970;1(5699):820-820. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5699.820.
1128. Retief FP, Huskisson YJ. Serum and Urinary Folate in Liver Disease. BMJ. 1969;2(5650):150-153. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5650.150.
1129. Revell P, O’Doherty MJ, Tang A, et al. Folic acid absorption in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Journal of Internal Medicine. 1991;230(3):227-231. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.1991.tb00435.x.
1130. Ricci C, Albanese CM, Pablo LA, et al. In utero acetaminophen exposure and child neurodevelopmental outcomes: Systematic review and meta‐analysis. Paediatric Perinatal Epid. 2023;37(5):473-484. doi:10.1111/ppe.12963.
1131. Ring EFJ, Porto LO, Bacon PA. Quantitative Thermal Imaging to Assess Inositol Nicotinate Treatment for Raynaud’s Syndrome. J Int Med Res. 1981;9(6):393-400. doi:10.1177/030006058100900601.
1132. Ringseis R, Gessner DK, Beer AM, et al. Nicotinic Acid Improves Endurance Performance of Mice Subjected to Treadmill Exercise. Metabolites. 2020;10(4):138. doi:10.3390/metabo10040138.
1133. Rizopoulos D, Ghosh P. A Bayesian semiparametric multivariate joint model for multiple longitudinal outcomes and a time-to-event. Statist Med. 2011;30(12):1366-1380. doi:10.1002/sim.4205.
1134. Roberts PJ. Inhibition of high-affinity glial uptake of 14C-glutamate by folate. Nature. 1974;250(5465):429-430. doi:10.1038/250429a0.
1135. Roche JA, Roche R. A hypothesized role for dysregulated bradykinin signaling in COVID‐19 respiratory complications. FASEB j. 2020;34(6):7265-7269. doi:10.1096/fj.202000967.
1136. Rodríguez-Campuzano AG, Ortega A. Glutamate transporters: Critical components of glutamatergic transmission. Neuropharmacology. 2021;192:108602. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108602.
1137. Roediger WEW. THE COLONIC EPITHELIUM IN ULCERATIVE COLITIS: AN ENERGY-DEFICIENCY DISEASE? The Lancet. 1980;316(8197):712-715. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(80)91934-0.
1138. Rogero MM, Tirapegui J, Pedrosa RG, et al. Effect of alanyl-glutamine supplementation on plasma and tissue glutamine concentrations in rats submitted to exhaustive exercise. Nutrition. 2006;22(5):564-571. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2005.11.002.
1139. Rogers MJ, Adachi T, Inokuchi H, et al. Switching tRNA(Gln) identity from glutamine to tryptophan. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1992;89(8):3463-3467. doi:10.1073/pnas.89.8.3463.
1140. Rojas Á, García-Lozano MR, Gil-Gómez A, et al. Glutaminolysis-ammonia-urea Cycle Axis, Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Progression and Development of Novel Therapies. J Clin Transl Hepatol. 2022;10(2):356-362. doi:10.14218/jcth.2021.00247.
1141. Rojas DC. The role of glutamate and its receptors in autism and the use of glutamate receptor antagonists in treatment. J Neural Transm. 2014;121(8):891-905. doi:10.1007/s00702-014-1216-0.
1142. Role of vitamin B3 in the prevention of acute kidney injury post-cardiac surgery through measurement of serum Cystatin C and Creatinine. JPTCP. 2023;30(1). doi:10.47750/jptcp.2023.1063.
1143. Romani M, Hofer DC, Katsyuba E, et al. Niacin: an old lipid drug in a new NAD+ dress. Journal of Lipid Research. 2019;60(4):741-746. doi:10.1194/jlr.s092007.
1144. Romero SA, Gagnon D, Adams AN, et al. Folic acid ingestion improves skeletal muscle blood flow during graded handgrip and plantar flexion exercise in aged humans. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2017;313(3):H658-H666. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00234.2017.
1145. Rook GD, Lopez R, Shimizu N, et al. Folic acid deficiency in infants and children with heart disease. Heart. 1973;35(1):87-92. doi:10.1136/hrt.35.1.87.
1146. Rosario D, Bidkhori G, Lee S, et al. Systematic analysis of gut microbiome reveals the role of bacterial folate and homocysteine metabolism in Parkinson’s disease. Cell Reports. 2021;34(9):108807. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108807.
1147. Rosenson R. Antiatherothrombotic effects of nicotinic acid. Atherosclerosis. 2003;171(1):87-96. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2003.07.003.
1148. Rosique-Esteban N, Díaz-López A, Martínez-González MA, et al. Leisure-time physical activity, sedentary behaviors, sleep, and cardiometabolic risk factors at baseline in the PREDIMED-PLUS intervention trial: A cross-sectional analysis. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(3):e0172253. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172253.
1149. Roth E, Oehler R, Manhart N, et al. Regulative potential of glutamine—relation to glutathione metabolism. Nutrition. 2002;18(3):217-221. doi:10.1016/s0899-9007(01)00797-3.
1150. Rotstein A, Kodesh A, Goldberg Y, et al. Serum folate deficiency and the risks of dementia and all-cause mortality: a national study of old age. Evid Based Mental Health. 2022;25(2):63 68. doi:10.1136/ebmental-2021-300309.
1151. Rottenberg H. The Reduction in the Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Aging: The Role of the Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore. IJMS. 2023;24(15):12295. doi:10.3390/ijms241512295.
1152. Rousseaux A, Brosseau C, Le Gall S, et al. Human Milk Oligosaccharides: Their Effects on the Host and Their Potential as Therapeutic Agents. Front Immunol. 2021;12. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.680911.
1153. Roy J, Lum KJ, Zeldow B, et al. Bayesian nonparametric generative models for causal inference with missing at random covariates. Biom. 2018;74(4):1193-1202. doi:10.1111/biom.12875.
1154. Rudzki L, Ostrowska L, Pawlak D, et al. Probiotic Lactobacillus Plantarum 299v decreases kynurenine concentration and improves cognitive functions in patients with major depression: A double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled study. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2019;100:213-222. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.10.010.
1155. Ruegamer WR, Brickson WL, Torbet NJ, et al. Response of Dogs to Liver Extracts Containing the Pernicious Anemia Factor. The Journal of Nutrition. 1948;36(4):425-435. doi:10.1093/jn/36.4.425.
1156. Ruparelia N, Digby JE, Choudhury RP. Effects of niacin on atherosclerosis and vascular function. Current Opinion in Cardiology. 2011;26(1):66-70. doi:10.1097/hco.0b013e3283410c16.
1157. Rut W, Groborz K, Zhang L, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitors and activity-based probes for patient-sample imaging. Nat Chem Biol. 2020;17(2):222-228. doi:10.1038/s41589-020-00689-z.
1158. Rutten EP, Engelen MP, Wouters EF, et al. Metabolic effects of glutamine and glutamate ingestion in healthy subjects and in persons with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2006;83(1):115-23. doi:10.1093/ajcn/83.1.115.
1159. Ryu JM, Lee SH, Seong JK, et al. Glutamine contributes to maintenance of mouse embryonic stem cell self-renewal through PKC-dependent downregulation of HDAC1 and DNMT1/3a. Cell Cycle. 2015;14(20):3292-3305. doi:10.1080/15384101.2015.1087620.
1160. Ryu M, Lee S, Kim H, et al. Effect of Aerobic Physical Activity on Health-Related Quality of Life in Middle Aged Women with Osteoarthritis: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016–2017). IJERPH. 2020;17(2):527. doi:10.3390/ijerph17020527.
1161. Sabaratnam R, Hansen DR, Svenningsen P. White adipose tissue mitochondrial bioenergetics in metabolic diseases. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2023. doi:10.1007/s11154-023-09827-z.
1162. Sadar S, Kaspate D, Vyawahare N. Protective effect L-glutamine against diabetes-induced nephropathy in experimental animal: Role of KIM-1, NGAL, TGF-β1, and collagen-1. Renal Failure. 2016;38(9):1483-1495. doi:10.1080/0886022x.2016.1227918.
1163. Sadigh-Eteghad S, Majdi A, McCann SK, et al. D-galactose-induced brain ageing model: A systematic review and meta-analysis on cognitive outcomes and oxidative stress indices. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(8):e0184122. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0184122.
1164. Sadigurschi N, Scrift G, Hirrlinger J, et al. Genetic impairment of folate metabolism regulates cortical interneurons and social behavior. Front Neurosci. 2023;17. doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1203262.
1165. Safdar A, Zakaria R, Aziz CBA, et al. Goat milk attenuates mimetic aging related memory impairment via suppressing brain oxidative stress, neurodegeneration and modulating neurotrophic factors in d-galactose-induced aging model. Biogerontology. 2019;21(2):203-216. doi:10.1007/s10522-019-09854-x.
1166. Safi J, Joyeux L, Chalouhi GE. Periconceptional Folate Deficiency and Implications in Neural Tube Defects. Journal of Pregnancy. 2012;2012:1-9. doi:10.1155/2012/295083.
1167. Saha T, Saha S, Karmakar A, et al. Differential effect of folate metabolic system genetic variants on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder severity. Human Gene. 2022;34:201096. doi:10.1016/j.humgen.2022.201096.
1168. Sahebkar A. Effect of niacin on endothelial function: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Vasc Med. 2014;19(1):54-66. doi:10.1177/1358863x13515766.
1169. Sahoo BR, Crook AA, Pattnaik A, et al. Redox Regulation and Metabolic Dependency of Zika Virus Replication: Inhibition by Nrf2-Antioxidant Response and NAD(H) Antimetabolites. J Virol. 2023;97(2). doi:10.1128/jvi.01363-22.
1170. Said HM, Chatterjee N, Haq RU, et al. Adaptive regulation of intestinal folate uptake: effect of dietary folate deficiency. American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology. 2000;279(6):C1889-C1895. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.2000.279.6.c1889.
1171. Salabei JK, Lorkiewicz PK, Holden CR, et al. Glutamine Regulates Cardiac Progenitor Cell Metabolism and Proliferation. Stem Cells. 2015;33(8):2613-2627. doi:10.1002/stem.2047.
1172. Salabei JK, Lorkiewicz PK, Holden CR, et al. Glutamine Regulates Cardiac Stem Cell Metabolism and Competency. Circulation. 2014;130(suppl_2):A15567. URL:https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/circ.130.suppl_2.15567.
1173. Saladini S, Aventaggiato M, Barreca F, et al. Metformin Impairs Glutamine Metabolism and Autophagy in Tumour Cells. Cells. 2019;8(1):49. doi:10.3390/cells8010049.
1174. Salem HA, Wadie W. Effect of Niacin on Inflammation and Angiogenesis in a Murine Model of Ulcerative Colitis. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-017-07280-y.
1175. Salzman NP, Eagle H, Sebring ED. THE UTILIZATION OF GLUTAMINE, GLUTAMIC ACID, AND AMMONIA FOR THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF NUCLEIC ACID BASES IN MAMMALIAN CELL CULTURES. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1958;230(2):1001-1012. doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)70522-x.
1176. Samad N, Nasir A, Rehman MH ur, et al. Adenosine protects D-galactose induced alterations in rat model of aging via attenuating neurochemical profile and redox status. Metab Brain Dis. 2022;37(7):2483-2496. doi:10.1007/s11011-022-01049-7.
1177. Samavati L, Uhal BD. ACE2, Much More Than Just a Receptor for SARS-COV-2. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020;10. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2020.00317.
1178. Samocha-Bonet D, Chisholm D, Holst J, et al. L-Glutamine and Whole Protein Restore First-Phase Insulin Response and Increase Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 in Type 2 Diabetes Patients. Nutrients. 2015;7(4):2101-2108. doi:10.3390/nu7042101.
1179. Samodelov SL, Gai Z, Kullak-Ublick GA, Visentin M. Renal Reabsorption of Folates: Pharmacological and Toxicological Snapshots. Nutrients. 2019;11(10):2353. doi:10.3390/nu11102353.
1180. Sandini M, Nespoli L, Oldani M, et al. Effect of Glutamine Dipeptide Supplementation on Primary Outcomes for Elective Major Surgery: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2015;7(1):481-499. doi:10.3390/nu7010481.
1181. Sandoval RM, Kennedy MD, Low PS, et al. Uptake and trafficking of fluorescent conjugates of folic acid in intact kidney determined using intravital two-photon microscopy. American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology. 2004;287(2):C517-C526. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00006.2004.
1182. Santolla MF, De Francesco EM, Lappano R, et al. Niacin activates the G protein estrogen receptor (GPER)-mediated signalling. Cellular Signalling. 2014;26(7):1466-1475. doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.03.011.
1183. Santos ARS. REGULATION OF NAD+ METABOLISM IN BACTERIA BY L-GLUTAMINE, NAD+ AND PII PROTEINS&NBSP. Doctoral dissertation, Universidade Federal do Paraná. 2020. URL:https://acervodigital.ufpr.br/bitstream/handle/1884/68531/R%20-%20T%20-%20ADRIAN%20RICHARD%20SCHENBERGER%20SANTOS.pdf
1184. Santos ARS, Gerhardt ECM, Parize E, et al. NAD+ biosynthesis in bacteria is controlled by global carbon/nitrogen levels via PII signaling. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2020;295(18):6165-6176. doi:10.1074/jbc.ra120.012793.
1185. Sapkota B, Karroum SB, Dillawn S, et al. Does COVID-19 Infection Increase the Risk of Hypercoagulability in Individuals with MTHFR Gene Mutation? J Med Case Rep Case Ser. 2022. doi:10.38207/jmcrcs/2022/decd031601115.
1186. Sarkar S, Yang R, Mirzaei R, et al. Control of brain tumor growth by reactivating myeloid cells with niacin. Sci Transl Med. 2020;12(537). doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aay9924.
1187. Sauve AA. NAD +and Vitamin B3: From Metabolism to Therapies. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2007;324(3):883-893. doi:10.1124/jpet.107.120758.
1188. Scalise M, Pochini L, Galluccio M, et al. Glutamine transport. From energy supply to sensing and beyond. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics. 2016;1857(8):1147-1157. doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2016.03.006.
1189. Schaefer RM, Teschner M, Kosch M. Folate metabolism in renal failure. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 2002;17(suppl_5):24-27. doi:10.1093/ndt/17.suppl_5.24.
1190. Schaevitz LR, Picker JD, Rana J, et al. Glutamate carboxypeptidase II and folate deficiencies result in reciprocal protection against cognitive and social deficits in mice: Implications for neurodevelopmental disorders. Devel Neurobio. 2012;72(6):891-905. doi:10.1002/dneu.21000.
1191. Schloss JV. Nutritional deficiencies that may predispose to long COVID. Inflammopharmacol. 2023;31(2):573-583. doi:10.1007/s10787-023-01183-3.
1192. Schulman-Geltzer EB, Collins HE, Hill BG, et al. Coordinated Metabolic Responses Facilitate Cardiac Growth in Pregnancy and Exercise. Curr Heart Fail Rep. Published online August 15, 2023. doi:10.1007/s11897-023-00622-0.
1193. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to niacin and reduction of tiredness and fatigue (ID 47), contribution to normal energy-yielding metabolism (ID 51), contribution to normal psychological functions (ID 55), maintenance of normal blood flow (ID 211), and maintenance of normal skin and mucous membranes (ID 4700) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. (2010; 8(10):1757). doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1757.
1194. Seal AJ, Creeke PI, Dibari F, et al. Low and deficient niacin status and pellagra are endemic in postwar Angola. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2007;85(1):218-224. doi:10.1093/ajcn/85.1.218.
1195. Seeler AO, Ott WH. Studies on Nutrition and Avian Malaria: III. Deficiency of “Folic Acid” and other Unidentified Factors. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1945;77(1):82-84. doi:10.1093/infdis/77.1.82.
1196. Seeler AO, Ott WH. Studies on Nutrition and Avian Malaria: IV. Protein Deficiency. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1945;77(3):181-184. doi:10.1093/infdis/77.3.181.
1197. Selivanov VA, Cascante M, Friedman M, et al. Multistationary and Oscillatory Modes of Free Radicals Generation by the Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain Revealed by a Bifurcation Analysis. PLoS Comput Biol. 2012;8(9):e1002700. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002700.
1198. Senthil Srinivasan RA, Meenakshi R. COMPUTATIONAL SCREENING OF FOLATE ANALOGUES AGAINST THE SARS-COV-2 CORONA VIRUS BY MOLECULAR DOCKING. Journal of Advanced Scientific Research. 2020;11.
1199. Seo JW, Choi J, Lee SY, et al. Autophagy is required for PDAC glutamine metabolism. Sci Rep. 2016;6(1). doi:10.1038/srep37594.
1200. Sepe V, Adamo G, Giuliano MG, et al. Folic acid for stroke prevention. The Lancet. 2007;370(9588):651. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61328-2.
1201. Serdaru M, Hausser-Hauw C, Laplane D, et al. The clinical spectrum of alcoholic pellagra encephalopathy: A retrospective analysis of 22 cases studied pathologically. Brain. 1988;111(4):829-842. doi:10.1093/brain/111.4.829.
1202. Serrano M, Han M, Brinez P, et al. Fetal alcohol syndrome: cardiac birth defects in mice and prevention with folate. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2010;203(1):75.e7-75.e15. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2010.03.017.
1203. Seth A, Basuroy S, Sheth P, et al. L-Glutamine ameliorates acetaldehyde-induced increase in paracellular permeability in Caco-2 cell monolayer. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology. 2004;287(3):G510-G517. doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00058.2004.
1204. Seto SW, Lam TY, Or PMY, et al. Folic acid consumption reduces resistin level and restores blunted acetylcholine-induced aortic relaxation in obese/diabetic mice. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. 2010;21(9):872-880. doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.06.015.
1205. Severe pellagra masked by concurrent plaque psoriasis: A case report of a hidden diagnosis. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2017;76(6):AB235. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2017.04.909.
1206. Shagan BP. Raynaud’s Phenomenon and Thyroid Deficiency. Arch Intern Med. 1980;140(6):832. doi:10.1001/archinte.1980.00330180106029.
1207. Shah GM, Shah RG, Veillette H, et al. Biochemical Assessment of Niacin Deficiency Among Carcinoid Cancer Patients. Am J Gastroenterology. 2005;100(10):2307-2314. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.00268.x.
1208. Shakoor H, Feehan J, Mikkelsen K, et al. Be well: A potential role for vitamin B in COVID-19. Maturitas. 2021;144:108-111. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.08.007.
1209. Shalim CP, Reynaldo G. The role of folic acid supplementation on lowering homocysteine level in chronic kidney disease. World J Adv Res Rev. 2023;17(2):464-470. doi:10.30574/wjarr.2023.17.2.0245.
1210. Shane B. Folate status assessment history: implications for measurement of biomarkers in NHANES. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2011;94(1):337S-342S. doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.013367.
1211. Shang Y, Widman L, Hagström H. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Risk of Dementia. Neurology. 2022;99(6):e574-e582. doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000200853.
1212. Sharma A, Chabloz S, Lapides RA, et al. Potential Synergistic Supplementation of NAD+ Promoting Compounds as a Strategy for Increasing Healthspan. Nutrients. 2023;15(2):445. doi:10.3390/nu15020445.
1213. Sharma A, Madan N. Role of niacin in current clinical practice. Minerva Med. 2019;110(1). doi:10.23736/s0026-4806.18.05826-3.
1214. Sharma P, Kaur J, Kaur R, et al. A thermodynamic investigation on the micellization behavior of ionic liquid in presence of vitamins. Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie. 2023;0(0). doi:10.1515/zpch-2023-0258.
1215. Sharma B, Sannegowda RB, Jain R, et al. A rare case of alcoholic pellagra encephalopathy with startle myoclonus and marked response to niacin therapy: time for a new dictum? Case Reports. 2013;2013(apr22 1):bcr2013008906-bcr2013008906. doi:10.1136/bcr-2013-008906.
1216. Sharp L. Polymorphisms in Genes Involved in Folate Metabolism and Colorectal Neoplasia: A HuGE Review. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2004;159(5):423-443. doi:10.1093/aje/kwh066.
1217. She J, Sheng R, Qin ZH. Pharmacology and Potential Implications of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Precursors. Aging and disease. 2021;12(8):1879. doi:10.14336/ad.2021.0523.
1218. Shen X, Yang L, Liu YY, et al. Association between dietary niacin intake and cognitive function in the elderly: Evidence from NHANES 2011–2014. Food Science & Nutrition. 2023. doi:10.1002/fsn3.3428.
1219. Sheybani Z, Dokoohaki MH, Negahdaripour M, et al. The Role of Folic Acid in the Management of Respiratory Disease Caused by COVID-19. 2020. doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.12034980.v1.
1220. Shi H, Enriquez A, Rapadas M, et al. NAD Deficiency, Congenital Malformations, and Niacin Supplementation. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(6):544-552. doi:10.1056/nejmoa1616361.
1221. Shi TL, Wu Y, Li Y, et al. The relevance of MTHFR C677T, A1298C, and MTRR A66G polymorphisms with response to male infertility in Asians. Medicine. 2019;98(8):e14283. doi:10.1097/md.0000000000014283.
1222. Shi Y, Lai X, Ye L, et al. Activated niacin receptor HCA2 inhibits chemoattractant-mediated macrophage migration via Gβγ/PKC/ERK1/2 pathway and heterologous receptor desensitization. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1). doi:10.1038/srep42279.
1223. Shi Y, Liu Z, Shen Y, et al. A Novel Perspective Linkage Between Kidney Function and Alzheimer’s Disease. Front Cell Neurosci. 2018;12. doi:10.3389/fncel.2018.00384.
1224. Shi Y, Wang Y, Shao C, et al. COVID-19 infection: the perspectives on immune responses. Cell Death Differ. 2020;27(5):1451-1454. doi:10.1038/s41418-020-0530-3.
1225. Shih YL, Shih CC, Chen JY. Elevated homocysteine level as an indicator for chronic kidney disease in community-dwelling middle-aged and elderly populations in Taiwan: A community-based cross-sectional study. Front Med. 2022;9. doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.964101.
1226. Shih YL, Shih CC, Huang TC, et al. The Relationship between Elevated Homocysteine and Metabolic Syndrome in a Community-Dwelling Middle-Aged and Elderly Population in Taiwan. Biomedicines. 2023;11(2):378. doi:10.3390/biomedicines11020378.
1227. Shirodkar S, Shakesprere J, Shafiq R, et al. Pellagra Post–Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery. AACE Clinical Case Reports. 2023;9(3):81-84. doi:10.1016/j.aace.2023.04.002.
1228. Shomali T, Taherianfard M, Dalvand M, et al. Effect of pharmacological doses of niacin on testicular structure and function in normal and diabetic rats. Andrologia. 2018;50(10):e13142. doi:10.1111/and.13142.
1229. Shon MS, Lee Y, Song JH, et al. Anti-aging Potential of Extracts Prepared from Fruits and Medicinal Herbs Cultivated in the Gyeongnam Area of Korea. JFN. 2014;19(3):178-186. doi:10.3746/pnf.2014.19.3.178.
1230. Sid V, Shang Y, Siow C, et al. Regulation of Hepatic Inflammation by Folic Acid in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). FASEB j. 2017;31:780.8-780.8. doi:10.1096/fasebj.31.1_supplement.780.8.
1231. Sid V, Siow YL, O K. Role of folate in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2017;95(10):1141-1148. doi:10.1139/cjpp-2016-0681.
1232. Siler JF, Garrison PE, MacNeal WJ. A consideration of certain foods and of proximity to a previous case as factors in the etiology of pellagra. Experimental Biology and Medicine. 1914;11(3):94-94. doi:10.3181/00379727-11-52.
1233. Siler JF, Garrison PE, MacNeal WJ. THE RELATION OF METHODS OF DISPOSAL OF SEWAGE TO THE SPREAD OF PELLAGRA. Arch Intern Med. 1914;XIV(4):453. doi:10.1001/archinte.1914.00070160003001.
1234. Silva Junior AR da, Semenoff Segundo A, Semenoff TADV, et al. Effect of glutamine ingestion on the progression of induced periodontitis: experimental study in rats. Rev odontol UNESP. 2018;47(2):119-123. doi:10.1590/1807-2577.0371.
1235. Silverman Milton, Gardiner RC, Bakerman HA. THE NATURE OF THE GLUTAMIC ACID EXCRETED IN FOLIC ACID DEFICIENCY. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1952;194(2):815-821. doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)55836-1.
1236. Simón J, Martínez-Chantar ML, Delgado TC. Glutamine, fatty liver disease and aging. Aging. 2021;13(3):3165-3166. doi:10.18632/aging.202666.
1237. Singh JA. Folic Acid Supplementation for Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients on Methotrexate: The Good Gets Better. Tovey D, ed. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013. doi:10.1002/14651858.ed000063.
1238. Singh M. Effect of niacin and niacin-tryptophan deficiency on pancreatic acinar cell function in rats in vitro. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1986;44(4):512-518. doi:10.1093/ajcn/44.4.512.
1239. Singh N, Gurav A, Sivaprakasam S, et al. Activation of Gpr109a, Receptor for Niacin and the Commensal Metabolite Butyrate, Suppresses Colonic Inflammation and Carcinogenesis. Immunity. 2014;40(1):128-139. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2013.12.007.
1240. Singh-Manoux A, Oumarou-Ibrahim A, Machado-Fragua MD, et al. Association between kidney function and incidence of dementia: 10-year follow-up of the Whitehall II cohort study. Age Ageing. 2022;51(1). doi:10.1093/ageing/afab259.
1241. Škrbić R, Travar M, Stojiljković MP, et al. Folic Acid and Leucovorin Have Potential to Prevent SARS-CoV-2-Virus Internalization by Interacting with S-Glycoprotein/Neuropilin-1 Receptor Complex. Molecules. 2023;28(5):2294. doi:10.3390/molecules28052294.
1242. Skupienski R, Steullet P, Do KQ, et al. Developmental changes in cerebral NAD and neuroenergetics of an antioxidant compromised mouse model of schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry. 2023;13(1). doi:10.1038/s41398-023-02568-2.
1243. Slinger SJ, Pepper WF, Morphet AM, et al. Effect of Penicillin on the Niacin Requirement of Turkeys and a Carry-over Effect of Penicillin from Dams to Progeny. Poultry Science. 1953;32(5):754-762. doi:10.3382/ps.0320754.
1244. Soeters PB, Grecu I. Have We Enough Glutamine and How Does It Work? A Clinician’s View. Ann Nutr Metab. 2011;60(1):17-26. doi:10.1159/000334880.
1245. Solbrig MV, Perng GC. Current Neurological Observations and Complications of Dengue Virus Infection. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2015;15(6). doi:10.1007/s11910-015-0550-4.
1246. Soliman OM, Thabet AMA, Abudahab GM, et al. The impact of glutamine supplementation on the short-term mortality of COVID-19 diseased patients admitted to the ICU: A single-blind randomized clinical trial. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia. 2022;38(1):94-100. doi:10.1080/11101849.2022.2031811.
1247. Song S, Song BM, Park HY. Associations of Serum Folate and Homocysteine Concentrations with All-Cause, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer Mortality in Men and Women in Korea: the Cardiovascular Disease Association Study. The Journal of Nutrition. 2023;153(3):760-770. doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.01.023.
1248. Song WL, FitzGerald GA. Niacin, an old drug with a new twist. Journal of Lipid Research. 2013;54(10):2586-2594. doi:10.1194/jlr.r040592.
1249. Song WL, Stubbe J, Ricciotti E, et al. Niacin and biosynthesis of PGD2 by platelet COX-1 in mice and humans. J Clin Invest. 2012;122(4):1459-1468. doi:10.1172/jci59262.
1250. Song Y, Wu Z, Xue H, et al. Ferroptosis is involved in regulating perioperative neurocognitive disorders: emerging perspectives. J Neuroinflammation. 2022;19(1). doi:10.1186/s12974-022-02570-3.
1251. Souba WW, Klimberg VS, Hautamaki RD, et al. Oral glutamine reduces bacterial translocation following abdominal radiation. Journal of Surgical Research. 1990;48(1):1-5. doi:10.1016/0022-4804(90)90136-p.
1252. Soudijn W, van Wijngaarden I, IJzerman AP. Nicotinic acid receptor subtypes and their ligands. Med Res Rev. 2007;27(3):417-433. doi:10.1002/med.20102.
1253. Sousa RAL, Yehia A, Abulseoud OA. Attenuation of ferroptosis as a potential therapeutic target for neuropsychiatric manifestations of post-COVID syndrome. Front Neurosci. 2023;17. doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1237153.
1254. Spronck JC, Nickerson JL, Kirkland JB. Niacin Deficiency Alters p53 Expression and Impairs Etoposide-Induced Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in Rat Bone Marrow Cells. Nutrition and Cancer. 2007;57(1):88-99. doi:10.1080/01635580701268337.
1255. Squerzanti M, Cervellati C, Ura B, et al. The side chain of glutamine 13 is the acyl-donor amino acid modified by type 2 transglutaminase in subunit T of the native rabbit skeletal muscle troponin complex. Amino Acids. 2011;44(1):227-234. doi:10.1007/s00726-011-1144-3.
1256. Srivastava S. Emerging therapeutic roles for NAD + metabolism in mitochondrial and age‐related disorders. Clinical and Translational Medicine. 2016;5(1). doi:10.1186/s40169-016-0104-7.
1257. Srivastav S, Singh SK, Yadav AK, et al. Folic Acid Supplementation Ameliorates Oxidative Stress, Metabolic Functions and Developmental Anomalies in a Novel Fly Model of Parkinson’s Disease. Neurochem Res. 2015;40(7):1350-1359. doi:10.1007/s11064-015-1598-x.
1258. Srivastav S, Singh SK, Yadav AK, et al. Folic acid supplementation rescues anomalies associated with knockdown of parkin in dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons in Drosophila model of Parkinson’s disease. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2015;460(3):780-785. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.03.106.
1259. Stehle P, Ellger B, Kojic D, et al. Glutamine dipeptide-supplemented parenteral nutrition improves the clinical outcomes of critically ill patients: A systematic evaluation of randomised controlled trials. Clinical Nutrition ESPEN. 2017;17:75-85. doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2016.09.007.
1260. Stehle P, Kuhn KS. Glutamine: An Obligatory Parenteral Nutrition Substrate in Critical Care Therapy. BioMed Research International. 2015;2015:1-7. doi:10.1155/2015/545467.
1261. Stehli D, Mulaj M, Miti T, et al. Collapsed state of polyglutamic acid results in amyloid spherulite formation. Intrinsically Disordered Proteins. 2015;3(1):e1056905. doi:10.1080/21690707.2015.1056905.
1262. Stein LR, Imai SI. The dynamic regulation of NAD metabolism in mitochondria. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2012;23(9):420-428. doi:10.1016/j.tem.2012.06.005.
1263. Stefano G, Manerba M, Vettraino M. NAD Metabolism and Functions: A Common Therapeutic Target for Neoplastic, Metabolic and Neurodegenerative Diseases. CTMC. 2013;13(23):2918-2929. doi:10.2174/15680266113136660207.
1264. Stevens BR, Ellory JC, Preston RL. B0AT1 Amino Acid Transporter Complexed With SARS-CoV-2 Receptor ACE2 Forms a Heterodimer Functional Unit: In Situ Conformation Using Radiation Inactivation Analysis. Function. 2021;2(4). doi:10.1093/function/zqab027.
1265. Streeter AM, O’neill BJ, Shum HY. Folic acid deficiency in lactobacillus casei. Pathology. 1970;2(3):217-221. doi:10.3109/00313027009081210.
1266. Streja E, Kovesdy CP, Streja DA, et al. Niacin and Progression of CKD. American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 2015;65(5):785-798. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2014.11.033.
1267. Stumvoll M, Perriello G, Meyer C, et al. Role of glutamine in human carbohydrate metabolism in kidney and other tissues. Kidney International. 1999;55(3):778-792. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.1999.055003778.x.
1268. Stuparu AZ, Jurja S, Stuparu AF, et al. Narrative Review Concerning the Clinical Spectrum of Ophthalmological Impairments in Parkinson’s Disease. Neurology International. 2023;15(1):140-161. doi:10.3390/neurolint15010012.
1269. Su YM, Zhang R, Xu RF, et al. Triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio as a risk factor of repeat revascularization among patients with acute coronary syndrome after first-time percutaneous coronary intervention. J Thorac Dis. 2019;11(12):5087-5095. doi:10.21037/jtd.2019.12.26.
1270. Subramani K, Chu X, Warren M, et al. Deficiency of metabolite sensing receptor HCA2 impairs the salutary effect of niacin in hemorrhagic shock. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease. 2019;1865(3):688-695. doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.01.009.
1271. Subramanian T. Mechanism of Niacin Induced Hot Flushes and Suppression of Cholesterol. JBM. 2023;11(05):233-238. doi:10.4236/jbm.2023.115016.
1272. Subramanian T. Platelets Play an Integral Role in Body Heat Production and Maintenance: A Newly Proposed Function. JBM. 2023;11(03):37-47. doi:10.4236/jbm.2023.113005.
1273. Suchard MS, Savulescu DM. Nicotinamide pathways as the root cause of sepsis – an evolutionary perspective on macrophage energetic shifts. The FEBS Journal. 2021;289(4):955-964. doi:10.1111/febs.15807.
1274. Sudchada P, Saokaew S, Sridetch S, et al. Effect of folic acid supplementation on plasma total homocysteine levels and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 2012;98(1):151-158. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2012.05.027.
1275. Sugimura T, Takahashi H, Jounai K, et al. Effects of oral intake of plasmacytoid dendritic cells-stimulative lactic acid bacterial strain on pathogenesis of influenza-like illness and immunological response to influenza virus. Br J Nutr. 2015;114(5):727-733. doi:10.1017/s0007114515002408.
1276. Sugita K, Ikenouchi-Sugita A, Nakayama Y, et al. Prostaglandin E2 is critical for the development of niacin-deficiency-induced photosensitivity via ROS production. Sci Rep. 2013;3(1). doi:10.1038/srep02973.
1277. Suh JR, Herbig AK, Stover PJ. NEW PERSPECTIVES ON FOLATE METABOLISM. Annu Rev Nutr. 2001;21(1):255-282. doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.21.1.255.
1278. Sun D, Wang R, Shi Z, et al. Causal relationship of COVID-19 on Alzheimer’s disease: an updated Mendelian randomization study. Neurol Sci. 2023;44(8):2643-2644. doi:10.1007/s10072-023-06807-8.
1279. Suh JR, Herbig AK, Stover PJ. NEW PERSPECTIVES ON FOLATE METABOLISM. Annu Rev Nutr. 2001;21(1):255-282. doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.21.1.255.
1280. Sun H, Li G, Zhang W, et al. Niacin Activates the PI3K/Akt Cascade via PKC- and EGFR-Transactivation-Dependent Pathways through Hydroxyl-Carboxylic Acid Receptor 2. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(11):e112310. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0112310.
1281. Sun H, Zhang C, Zheng Y, et al. Glutamine deficiency promotes recurrence and metastasis in colorectal cancer through enhancing epithelial–mesenchymal transition. J Transl Med. 2022;20(1). doi:10.1186/s12967-022-03523-3.
1282. Sun L, Yang X, Jiang J, et al. Identification of the Niacin-Blunted Subgroup of Schizophrenia Patients from Mood Disorders and Healthy Individuals in Chinese Population. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2017;44(4):896-907. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbx150.
1283. Sun Y, Xia X, Basnet D, et al. Mechanisms of Ferroptosis and Emerging Links to the Pathology of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Aging Neurosci. 2022;14. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.904152.
1284. Sun Y, Zhang H, Zhang X, et al. Promotion of astrocyte-neuron glutamate-glutamine shuttle by SCFA contributes to the alleviation of Alzheimer’s disease. Redox Biology. 2023;62:102690. doi:10.1016/j.redox.2023.102690.
1285. Sunderland GT, Belch JJF, Sturrock RD, et al. A double blind randomised placebo controlled trial of hexopal in primary Raynaud’s disease. Clin Rheumatol. 1988;7(1):46-49. doi:10.1007/bf02284056.
1286. Suranyi J. Effect of nicotinic acid on vaccination. J Obstet Gynaecol. 1948;55(2):232. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1948.tb09442.x.
1287. Surén P, Roth C, Bresnahan M, et al. Association Between Maternal Use of Folic Acid Supplements and Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorders in Children. JAMA. 2013;309(6):570. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.155925.
1288. Susai N, Kuroita T, Kuronuma K, et al. Analysis of the gut microbiome to validate a mouse model of pellagra. Bioscience of Microbiota, Food and Health. 2022;41(2):73-82. doi:10.12938/bmfh.2021-059.
1289. Suzannec Klimberg V, McClellan JL. Glutamine, cancer, and its therapy. The American Journal of Surgery. 1996;172(5):418-424. doi:10.1016/s0002-9610(96)00217-6.
1290. Suzuki S, Tanaka T, Poyurovsky MV, et al. Phosphate-activated glutaminase (GLS2), a p53-inducible regulator of glutamine metabolism and reactive oxygen species. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010;107(16):7461-7466. doi:10.1073/pnas.1002459107.
1291. Svensson T, Sawada N, Mimura M, et al. The association between midlife serum high-density lipoprotein and mild cognitive impairment and dementia after 19 years of follow-up. Transl Psychiatry. 2019;9(1). doi:10.1038/s41398-018-0336-y.
1292. Sybesma W, Starrenburg M, Tijsseling L, et al. Effects of Cultivation Conditions on Folate Production by Lactic Acid Bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003;69(8):4542-4548. doi:10.1128/aem.69.8.4542-4548.2003.
1293. Sydnes MO, Hayashi Y, Sharma VK, et al. Synthesis of glutamic acid and glutamine peptides possessing a trifluoromethyl ketone group as SARS-CoV 3CL protease inhibitors. Tetrahedron. 2006;62(36):8601-8609. doi:10.1016/j.tet.2006.06.052.
1294. Szentirmai É, Kapás L. Nicotinic acid promotes sleep through prostaglandin synthesis in mice. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-019-53648-7.
1295. Taechameekietichai T, Chansangpetch S, Peerawaranun P, et al. Association between Daily Niacin Intake and Glaucoma: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Nutrients. 2021;13(12):4263. doi:10.3390/nu13124263.
1296. Taheri G, Habibi M. Using unsupervised learning algorithms to identify essential genes associated with SARS-CoV-2 as potential therapeutic targets for COVID-19. 2022. doi:10.1101/2022.05.18.492443.
s
1297. Tajan M, Hock AK, Blagih J, et al. A Role for p53 in the Adaptation to Glutamine Starvation through the Expression of SLC1A3. Cell Metabolism. 2018;28(5):721-736.e6. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2018.07.005.
1298. Takagi K, Takeuchi K, Nakamura K, et al. Effects of an antiulcer agent N-acetyl-L-glutamine aluminum complex (KW-110) on the duodenal and gastric ulcer models in the rat. Japanese Journal of Pharmacology. 1974;24(3):357-361. doi:10.1254/jjp.24.357.
1299. Takeo T, Nakagata N. Combination medium of cryoprotective agents containing l-glutamine and methyl-β-cyclodextrin in a preincubation medium yields a high fertilization rate for cryopreserved C57BL/6J mouse sperm. Lab Anim. 2010;44(2):132-137. doi:10.1258/la.2009.009074.
1300. Talasaz AH, Sadeghipour P, Aghakouchakzadeh M, et al. Investigating Lipid-Modulating Agents for Prevention or Treatment of COVID-19. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2021;78(16):1635-1654. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2021.08.021.
1301. Tamaki T, Konoeda Y, Yasuhara M, et al. Glutamine-induced heme oxygenase-1 protects intestines and hearts from warm ischemic injury. Transplantation Proceedings. 1999;31(1-2):1018-1019. doi:10.1016/s0041-1345(98)01882-x.
1302. Tamarit-Rodriguez J. Metabolic Role of GABA in the Secretory Function of Pancreatic β-Cells: Its Hypothetical Implication in β-Cell Degradation in Type 2 Diabetes. Metabolites. 2023;13(6):697. doi:10.3390/metabo13060697.
1303. Tan HWS, Sim AYL, Long YC. Glutamine metabolism regulates autophagy-dependent mTORC1 reactivation during amino acid starvation. Nat Commun. 2017;8(1). doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00369-y.
1304. Tan JK, McKenzie C, Mariño E, et al. Metabolite-Sensing G Protein–Coupled Receptors—Facilitators of Diet-Related Immune Regulation. Annu Rev Immunol. 2017;35(1):371-4 02. doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-051116-052235.
1305. Tanaka H, Shuto K, Marumo H. Effect of N-acetyl-L-glutamine aluminum complex (KW-110), an antiulcer agent, on the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced exacerbation of gastric ulcer in rats. Japanese Journal of Phsarmacology. 1982;32(2):307-313. doi:10.1016/s0021-5198(19)52696-8.
1306. Tanaka M, Toldi J, Vécsei L. Exploring the Etiological Links behind Neurodegenerative Diseases: Inflammatory Cytokines and Bioactive Kynurenines. IJMS. 2020;21(7):2431. doi:10.3390/ijms21072431.
1307. Tang C, Eshak ES, Shirai K, et al. Associations of dietary intakes of vitamins B1 and B3 with risk of mortality from CVD among Japanese men and women: the Japan Collaborative Cohort study. Br J Nutr. 2022;129(7):1213-1220. doi:10.1017/s0007114522001209.
1308. Tang G, Huang W, Zhang L, et al. Role of Glutamine in the Management of Oral Mucositis in Patients with Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrition and Cancer. 2021;74(2):482-495. doi:10.1080/01635581.2021.1889623.
1309. Tang G, Pi F, Qiu YH, et al. Postoperative parenteral glutamine supplementation improves the short-term outcomes in patients undergoing colorectal cancer surgery: A propensity score matching study. Front Nutr. 2023;10. doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1040893.
1310. Tang H, Lu JYL, Zheng X, et al. The psoriasis drug monomethylfumarate is a potent nicotinic acid receptor agonist. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2008;375(4):562-565. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.08.041.
1311. Tangri V. Role of GPR109A Receptor in the Efficacy of Nicotinic Acid. IJMRA. 2021;04(05). doi:10.47191/ijmra/v4-i5-21.
1312. Tannous C, Booz GW, Altara R, et al. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide: Biosynthesis, consumption and therapeutic role in cardiac diseases. Acta Physiol. 2020;231(3). doi:10.1111/apha.13551.
1313. Tanous C, Kieronczyk A, Helinck S, et al. Glutamate dehydrogenase activity: a major criterion for the selection of flavour-producing lactic acid bacteria strains. Lactic Acid Bacteria: Genetics, Metabolism and Applications. 2002:271-278. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-2029-8_17.
1314. Tao YX, Yuan ZH, Xie J. G Protein-Coupled Receptors as Regulators of Energy Homeostasis. Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science. 2013:1-43. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-386933-3.00001-7.
1315. Tariq T, Arshad A, Bibi A, et al. Association of MTR A2756G and MTRR A66G Polymorphisms With Male Infertility: An Updated Meta-Analysis. Am J Mens Health. 2023;17(3):155798832311766. doi:10.1177/15579883231176657.
1316. Taurino G, Deshmukh R, Villar VH, et al. Mesenchymal stromal cells cultured in physiological conditions sustain citrate secretion with glutamate anaplerosis. Molecular Metabolism. 2022;63:101532. doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101532.
1317. Tavassoly O, Safavi F, Tavassoly I. Seeding Brain Protein Aggregation by SARS-CoV-2 as a Possible Long-Term Complication of COVID-19 Infection. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2020;11(22):3704-3706. doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00676.
1318. Taylor EW. The oxidative stress-induced niacin sink (OSINS) model for HIV pathogenesis. Toxicology. 2010;278(1):124-130. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2009.10.018.
1319. Teply LJ, Krehl WA, Elvehjem CA. THE INTESTINAL SYNTHESIS OF NIACIN AND FOLIC ACID IN THE RAT. American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content. 1947;148(1):91-97. doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1947.148.1.91.
1320. Terada N, Kinoshita K, Taguchi S, et al. Wernicke encephalopathy and pellagra in an alcoholic and malnourished patient. BMJ Case Reports. 2015:bcr2015209412. doi:10.1136/bcr-2015-209412.
1321. Terrar DA. Endolysosomal calcium release and cardiac physiology. Cell Calcium. 2022;104:102565. doi:10.1016/j.ceca.2022.102565.
1322. Terzi Ö. Clinical Management and Vitamin-Mineral Deficiencies in Children with Beta-Thalassemia Major: A Study on 112 Cases. Med Sci Discov. 2023;10(8):517-520. doi:10.36472/msd.v10i8.990.
1323. Thangaraju M, Cresci GA, Liu K, et al. GPR109A Is a G-protein–Coupled Receptor for the Bacterial Fermentation Product Butyrate and Functions as a Tumor Suppressor in Colon. Cancer Research. 2009;69(7):2826-2832. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-4466.
1324. Thomas K, Zondler L, Ludwig N, et al. Glutamine prevents acute kidney injury by modulating oxidative stress and apoptosis in tubular epithelial cells. JCI Insight. 2022;7(21). doi:10.1172/jci.insight.163161.
1325. Thomas T, Stefanoni D, Reisz JA, et al. COVID-19 infection alters kynurenine and fatty acid metabolism, correlating with IL-6 levels and renal status. JCI Insight. 2020;5(14). doi:10.1172/jci.insight.140327.
1326. Thornburgh S, Gaskins AJ. B vitamins, polycystic ovary syndrome, and fertility. Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes & Obesity. 2022;29(6):554-559. doi:10.1097/med.0000000000000773.
1327. Tian J, Li Y, Bao X, et al. Glutamine boosts intestinal stem cell-mediated small intestinal epithelial development during early weaning: Involvement of WNT signaling. Stem Cell Reports. 2023;18(7):1451-1467. doi:10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.05.012.
1328. Tian T, Yang KQ, Cui JG, et al. Folic Acid Supplementation for Stroke Prevention in Patients With Cardiovascular Disease. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 2017;354(4):379-387. doi:10.1016/j.amjms.2017.05.020.
1329. Timpani CA, Rybalka E. Calming the (Cytokine) Storm: Dimethyl Fumarate as a Therapeutic Candidate for COVID-19. Pharmaceuticals. 2020;14(1):15. doi:10.3390/ph14010015.
1330. Tissier ML, Kraus S, Gómez-Moracho T, et al. Supplementation in vitamin B3 counteracts the negative effects of tryptophan deficiencies in bumble bees. Conservation Physiology. 2023;11(1). doi:10.1093/conphys/coac084.
1331. Titcomb TJ, Fathi F, Kaeppler MS, et al. Inadequate Niacin Intake Disrupts Growth and Retinol Homeostasis Resulting in Higher Liver and Lower Serum Retinol Concentrations in Male Rats. The Journal of Nutrition. 2023;153(8):2263-2273. doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.06.026.
1332. Title LM, Cummings PM, Giddens K, et al. Effect of folic acid and antioxidant vitamins on endothelial dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2000;36(3):758-765. doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(00)00809-3.
1333. Title LM, Ur E, Giddens K, et al. Folic acid improves endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes - an effect independent of homocysteine-lowering. Vasc Med. 2006;11(2):101-109. doi:10.1191/1358863x06vm664oa.
1334. Tizianello A, De Ferrari G, Garibotto G, Gurreri G. Effects of Chronic Renal Insufficiency and Metabolic Acidosis on Glutamine Metabolism in Man. Clinical Science. 1978;55(4):391-397. doi:10.1042/cs0550391.
1335. Tjader I, Berg A, Wernerman J. Exogenous glutamine—Compensating a shortage? . 2007;35(Suppl):S553-S556. doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000278602.41352.0e.
1336. Tolhurst G, Zheng Y, Parker HE, et al. Glutamine Triggers and Potentiates Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Secretion by Raising Cytosolic Ca2+ and cAMP. Endocrinology. 2011;152(2):405-413. doi:10.1210/en.2010-0956.
1337. Torres S, Segalés P, García-Ruiz C, et al. Mitochondria and the NLRP3 Inflammasome in Alcoholic and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Cells. 2022;11(9):1475. doi:10.3390/cells11091475.
1338. Trinder M, Walley KR, Boyd JH, et al. Causal Inference for Genetically Determined Levels of High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Risk of Infectious Disease. ATVB. 2020;40(1):267-278. doi:10.1161/atvbaha.119.313381.
1339. Trost S, Wilcox A, Gillis D. The Effect of Substrate Utilization, Manipulated by Nicotinic Acid, on Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption. Int J Sports Med. 1997;18(02):83-88. doi:10.1055/s-2007-972600.
1340. Trotta MC, Maisto R, Guida F, et al. The activation of retinal HCA2 receptors by systemic beta-hydroxybutyrate inhibits diabetic retinal damage through reduction of endoplasmic reticulum stress and the NLRP3 inflammasome. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(1):e0211005. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0211005.
1341. Trueblood NA, Ramasamy R, Wang LF, et al. Niacin protects the isolated heart from ischemia-reperfusion injury. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2000;279(2):H764-H771. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.2000.279.2.h764.
1342. Tsukahara T, Brann DH, Datta SR. Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2-associated anosmia. Physiological Reviews. 2023;103(4):2759-2766. doi:10.1152/physrev.00012.2023.
1343. Tucci P, Lattanzi R, Severini C, et al. Nrf2 Pathway in Huntington’s Disease (HD): What Is Its Role? IJMS. 2022;23(23):15272. doi:10.3390/ijms232315272.
1344. Tunaru S, Kero J, Schaub A, et al. PUMA-G and HM74 are receptors for nicotinic acid and mediate its anti-lipolytic effect. Nat Med. 2003;9(3):352-355. doi:10.1038/nm824.
1345. Tunaru S, Lättig J, Kero J, et al. Characterization of Determinants of Ligand Binding to the Nicotinic Acid Receptor GPR109A (HM74A/PUMA-G). Mol Pharmacol. 2005;68(5):1271-1280. doi:10.1124/mol.105.015750.
1346. Tung S, Kendrick J, Surapaneni A, et al. Association Between Acute Kidney Injury and Dementia in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 2022;80(4):495-501. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2022.02.015.
1347. Tuo LJ, Song XY, Zhu YY, et al. Gestational folic acid supplement prevents vitamin D deficiency-induced depression-like behavior by reversing cortical DNA hypomethylation in adult offspring. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 2023;231:106313. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106313.
1348. Tupe RS, Tupe SG, Agte VV. Dietary nicotinic acid supplementation improves hepatic zinc uptake and offers hepatoprotection against oxidative damage. Br J Nutr. 2011;105(12):1741-1749. doi:10.1017/s0007114510005520.
1349. Turski WA, Wnorowski A, Turski GN, et al. AhR and IDO1 in pathogenesis of Covid-19 and the “Systemic AhR Activation Syndrome:” a translational review and therapeutic perspectives. RNN. 2020;38(4):343-354. doi:10.3233/rnn-201042.
1350. Tuteja S. Activation of HCAR2 by niacin: benefits beyond lipid lowering. Pharmacogenomics. 2019;20(16):1143-1150. doi:10.2217/pgs-2019-0092.
1351. Uehara K, Takahashi T, Fujii H, et al. The lower intestinal tract-specific induction of heme oxygenase-1 by glutamine protects against endotoxemic intestinal injury*. Critical Care Medicine. 2005;33(2):381-390. doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000153407.14237.7f.
1352. Umeda K, Takahashi T, Inoue K, et al. Prevention of hemorrhagic shock-induced intestinal tissue injury by glutamine via heme oxygenase-1 induction. Shock. 2009;31(1):40-49. doi:10.1097/shk.0b013e318177823a.
1353. Ungvari Z, Fazekas-Pongor V, Csiszar A, et al. The multifaceted benefits of walking for healthy aging: from Blue Zones to molecular mechanisms. GeroScience. 2023. doi:10.1007/s11357-023-00873-8.
1354. Upadhyay RK. High Cholesterol Disorders, Myocardial Infarction and Its Therapeutics. WJCD. 2023;13(08):433-469. doi:10.4236/wjcd.2023.138040.
1355. Urbatsch IL, Gimi K, Wilke-Mounts S, et al. Investigation of the Role of Glutamine-471 and Glutamine-1114 in the Two Catalytic Sites of P-Glycoprotein. Biochemistry. 2000;39(39):11921-11927. doi:10.1021/bi001220s.
1356. Vahedi H, Bavafaetousi N, Zolfaghari P, et al. Association between serum folate levels and fatty liver disease. Clinical Nutrition Experimental. 2020;29:30-35. doi:10.1016/j.yclnex.2019.11.004.
1357. Vallianou N, Christodoulatos GS, Karampela I, et al. Understanding the Role of the Gut Microbiome and Microbial Metabolites in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Current Evidence and Perspectives. Biomolecules. 2021;12(1):56. doi:10.3390/biom12010056.
1358. Van Bergen NJ, Gunanayagam K, Bournazos AM, et al. Severe NAD(P)HX Dehydratase (NAXD) Neurometabolic Syndrome May Present in Adulthood after Mild Head Trauma. IJMS. 2023;24(4):3582. doi:10.3390/ijms24043582.
1359. Van Der Hoorn JWA, de Haan W, Berbée JFP, et al. Niacin Increases HDL by Reducing Hepatic Expression and Plasma Levels of Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein in APOE*3Leiden.CETP Mice. ATVB. 2008;28(11):2016-2022. doi:10.1161/atvbaha.108.171363.
1360. Van Sadelhoff JHJ, Wiertsema SP, Garssen J, et al. Free Amino Acids in Human Milk: A Potential Role for Glutamine and Glutamate in the Protection Against Neonatal Allergies and Infections. Front Immunol. 2020;11. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01007.
1361. Van Zanten ARH, Dhaliwal R, Garrel D, et al. Enteral glutamine supplementation in critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2015;19(1). doi:10.1186/s13054-015-1002-x.
1362. Vannucchi H, Moreno FS. Interaction of niacin and zinc metabolism in patients with alcoholic pellagra. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1989;50(2):364-369. doi:10.1093/ajcn/50.2.364.
1363. Vardhana SA, Arnold PK, Rosen BP, et al. Glutamine independence is a selectable feature of pluripotent stem cells. Nat Metab. 2019;1(7):676-687. doi:10.1038/s42255-019-0082-3.
1364. Varela-Trinidad GU, Domínguez-Díaz C, Solórzano-Castanedo K, et al. Probiotics: Protecting Our Health from the Gut. Microorganisms. 2022;10(7):1428. doi:10.3390/microorganisms10071428.
1365. Varesi A, Campagnoli LIM, Carrara A, et al. Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants against Alzheimer’s Disease: Prevention, Diagnosis and Therapy. Antioxidants. 2023;12(1):180. doi:10.3390/antiox12010180.
1366. Vasconcellos C, Ferreira O, Lopes MF, et al. Nutritional Genomics in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Biomedicines. 2023;11(2):319. doi:10.3390/biomedicines11020319.
1367. Vedder EB. DIETARY DEFICIENCY AS THE ETIOLOGICAL FACTOR IN PELLAGRA. Arch Intern Med. 1916;XVIII(2):137. doi:10.1001/archinte.1916.00080150002001.
1368. Ventura N, Haendeler J. Role of Mitochondria in Environmentally and Dietary Modulated Age-Associated Diseases. Cells. 2023;12(3):404. doi:10.3390/cells12030404.
1369. Verdin E. NAD + in aging, metabolism, and neurodegeneration. Science. 2015;350(6265):1208-1213. doi:10.1126/science.aac4854.
1370. Viana Veloso GG, Franco OH, Ruiter R, et al. Baseline dietary glutamic acid intake and the risk of colorectal cancer: The Rotterdam study. Cancer. 2015;122(6):899-907. doi:10.1002/cncr.29862.
1371. Viatchenko‐Karpinski V, Kong L, Weng H. Activation of microglial GPR109A alleviates thermal hyperalgesia in female lupus mice by suppressing IL-18 and glutamatergic synaptic activity. Glia. 2021;70(4):634-649. doi:10.1002/glia.24130.
1372. Vicario M, Amat C, Rivero M, et al. Dietary Glutamine Affects Mucosal Functions in Rats with Mild DSS-Induced Colitis. The Journal of Nutrition. 2007;137(8):1931-1937. doi:10.1093/jn/137.8.1931.
1373. Viljoen M, Bipath P, Tosh C. Pellagra in South Africa from 1897 to 2019: a scoping review. Public Health Nutr. 2021:1-15. doi:10.1017/s1368980021001336.
1374. Viljoen M, Swanepoel A, Bipath P. Antidepressants may lead to a decrease in niacin and NAD in patients with poor dietary intake. Medical Hypotheses. 2015;84(3):178-182. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2014.12.017.
1375. Villar VH, Allega MF, Deshmukh R, et al. Hepatic glutamine synthetase controls N5-methylglutamine in homeostasis and cancer. Nat Chem Biol. 2022;19(3):292-300. doi:10.1038/s41589-022-01154-9.
1376. Villar VH, Durán RV. Glutamoptosis: A new cell death mechanism inhibited by autophagy during nutritional imbalance. Autophagy. 2017;13(6):1078-1079. doi:10.1080/15548627.2017.1299315.
1377. Villar VH, Merhi F, Djavaheri-Mergny M, et al. Glutaminolysis and autophagy in cancer. Autophagy. 2015;11(8):1198-1208. doi:10.1080/15548627.2015.1053680.
1378. Villar VH, Subotički T, Đikić D, et al. Transforming Growth Factor-β1 in Cancer Immunology: Opportunities for Immunotherapy. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2023:309-328. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-26163-3_17.
1379. Villines TC, Stanek EJ, Devine PJ, et al. The ARBITER 6-HALTS Trial (Arterial Biology for the Investigation of the Treatment Effects of Reducing Cholesterol 6–HDL and LDL Treatment Strategies in Atherosclerosis). Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2010;55(24):2721-2726. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.03.017.
1380. Viswambharan H, Ming XF, Zhu S, et al. Reconstituted high-density lipoprotein inhibits thrombin-induced endothelial tissue factor expression through inhibition of RhoA and stimulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase but not Akt/endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Circ Res. 2004;94(7):918-25. doi:10.1161/01.RES.0000124302.20396.B7.
1381. Viswanathan M, Urrutia RP, Hudson KN, et al. Folic Acid Supplementation to Prevent Neural Tube Defects: A Limited Systematic Review Update for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US). 2023;22-05302-EF-1. URL:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK593614.
1382. Von Glehn F, Dias-Carneiro RPC, Moraes AS, et al. Dimethyl fumarate downregulates the immune response through the HCA2/GPR109A pathway: Implications for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders. 2018;23:46-50. doi:10.1016/j.msard.2018.04.016.
1383. Vonder Haar C, Peterson TC, Martens KM, et al. Vitamins and nutrients as primary treatments in experimental brain injury: Clinical implications for nutraceutical therapies. Brain Research. 2016;1640:114-129. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2015.12.030.
1384. Waddell J, Khatoon R, Kristian T. Cellular and Mitochondrial NAD Homeostasis in Health and Disease. Cells. 2023;12(9):1329. doi:10.3390/cells12091329.
1385. Wadie W, Mohamed SS, Abd El-Haleim EA, et al. Niacin modulates depressive-like behavior in experimental colitis through GPR109A-dependent mechanisms. Life Sciences. 2023:122004. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122004.
1386. Wakade C, Chong R. A novel treatment target for Parkinson’s disease. Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2014;347(1-2):34-38. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2014.10.024.
1387. Wakade C, Chong R, Bradley E, et al. Low‐dose niacin supplementation modulates GPR109A, niacin index and ameliorates Parkinson’s disease symptoms without side effects. Clin Case Rep. 2015;3(7):635-637. doi:10.1002/ccr3.232.
1388. Wakade C, Chong R, Bradley E, et al. Upregulation of GPR109A in Parkinson’s Disease. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(10):e109818. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0109818.
1389. Wakade C, Chong R, Seamon M, et al. Low-Dose Niacin Supplementation Improves Motor Function in US Veterans with Parkinson’s Disease: A Single-Center, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Biomedicines. 2021;9(12):1881. doi:10.3390/biomedicines9121881.
1390. Wakade C, Giri B, Malik A, et al. Niacin modulates macrophage polarization in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neuroimmunology. 2018;320:76-79. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.05.002.
1391. Walia V, Kaushik D, Mittal V, et al. Delineation of Neuroprotective Effects and Possible Benefits of Antioxidants Therapy for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Diseases by Targeting Mitochondrial-Derived Reactive Oxygen Species: Bench to Bedside. Mol Neurobiol. 2021;59(1):657-680. doi:10.1007/s12035-021-02617-1.
1392. Walker WH II, Bumgarner JR, Becker-Krail DD, et al. Light at night disrupts biological clocks, calendars, and immune function. Semin Immunopathol. 2021;44(2):165-173. doi:10.1007/s00281-021-00899-0.
1393. Walker WH II, Walton JC, DeVries AC, et al. Circadian rhythm disruption and mental health. Transl Psychiatry. 2020;10(1). doi:10.1038/s41398-020-0694-0.
1394. Wan GX, Xia WB, Ji LH, et al. Triglyceride to high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio may serve as a useful predictor of major adverse coronary event in female revascularized ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Clinica Chimica Acta. 2018;485:166-172. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2018.06.049.
1395. Wan P, Moat S, Anstey A. Pellagra: a review with emphasis on photosensitivity. British Journal of Dermatology. 2011;164(6):1188-1200. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10163.x.
1396. Wan Z, Zheng J, Zhu Z, et al. Intermediate role of gut microbiota in vitamin B nutrition and its influences on human health. Front Nutr. 2022;9. doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.1031502.
1397. Wanders D, Graff EC, White BD, et al. Niacin Increases Adiponectin and Decreases Adipose Tissue Inflammation in High Fat Diet-Fed Mice. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(8):e71285. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071285.
1398. Wanders D, Judd RL. Future of GPR109A agonists in the treatment of dyslipidaemia. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2011;13(8):685-691. doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2011.01400.x.
1399. Wang C, Ying J, Niu X, et al. Deletion of Glut1 in early postnatal cartilage reprograms chondrocytes toward enhanced glutamine oxidation. Bone Res. 2021;9(1). doi:10.1038/s41413-021-00153-1.
1400. Wang CC, Hwang TZ, Yang CC, et al. Impact of Parenteral Glutamine Supplement on Oncologic Outcomes in Patients with Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treated with Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy. Nutrients. 2022;14(5):997. doi:10.3390/nu14050997.
1401. Wang G, Sweren E, Andrews W, et al. Commensal microbiome promotes hair follicle regeneration by inducing keratinocyte HIF-1α signaling and glutamine metabolism. Sci Adv. 2023;9(1). doi:10.1126/sciadv.abo7555.
1402. Wang J, Li Y, Qi Y. Effect of glutamine-enriched nutritional support on intestinal mucosal barrier function, MMP-2, MMP-9 and immune function in patients with advanced gastric cancer during perioperative chemotherapy. Oncology Letters. 2017;14(3):3606-3610. doi:10.3892/ol.2017.6612.
1403. Wang J, Wu R, Zhang W, et aol. Proteomic comparison of the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus casei Zhang cultivated in milk and soy milk. Journal of Dairy Science. 2013;96(9):5603-5624. doi:10.3168/jds.2013-6927.
1404. Wang J, Xiao R. G protein-coupled receptors in energy homeostasis. Sci China Life Sci. 2014;57(7):672-680. doi:10.1007/s11427-014-4694-2.
1405. Wang L, Sang B, Zheng Z. Risk of dementia or cognitive impairment in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Aging Neurosci. 2022;14. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.985109.
1406. Wang L, Maher TJ, Wurtman RJ. Oral L‐glutamine increases GABA levels in striatal tissue and extracellular fluid. FASEB j. 2007;21(4):1227-1232. doi:10.1096/fj.06-7495com.
1407. Wang N, Pan D, Wang X, et al. NAPRT, but Not NAMPT, Provides Additional Support for NAD Synthesis in Esophageal Precancerous Lesions. Nutrients. 2022;14(22):4916. doi:10.3390/nu14224916.
1408. Wang P, Liu L, Lei SF. Causal effects of homocysteine levels on the changes of bone mineral density and risk for bone fracture: A two-sample mendelian randomization study. Clinical Nutrition. 2021;40(4):1588-1595. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2021.02.045.
1409. Wang P, Zhang X, Zheng X, et al. Folic Acid Protects against Hyperuricemia in C57BL/6J Mice via Ameliorating Gut–Kidney Axis Dysfunction. J Agric Food Chem. 2022;70(50):15787-15803. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06297.
1410. Wang Q, Zhu MX. NAADP-Dependent TPC Current. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. 2022:35-56. doi:10.1007/164_2022_606.
1411. Wang S, Fu W, Zhao X, et al. A fungal toxin disrupts the pig reproductive-immune axis by altering gut microbial metabolites. 2023. doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3253693/v1.
1412. Wang S, Fu W, Zhao X, et al. Zearalenone disturbs the reproductive-immune axis in pigs: the role of gut microbial metabolites. Microbiome. 2022;10(1). doi:10.1186/s40168-022-01397-7.
1413. Wang S, Sun M, Yu L, et al. Niacin Inhibits Apoptosis and Rescues Premature Ovarian Failure. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2018;50(6):2060-2070. doi:10.1159/000495051.
1414. Wang S, Zeng Y, He X, Liu F, Pei P, Zhang T. Folate-deficiency induced acyl-CoA synthetase short-chain family member 2 increases lysine crotonylome involved in neural tube defects. Front Mol Neurosci. 2023;15. doi:10.3389/fnmol.2022.1064509.
1415. Wang T, Wang J, Zhang T, et al. The Antagonistic Effect of Glutamine on Zearalenone-Induced Apoptosis via PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway in IPEC-J2 Cells. Toxins. 2021;13(12):891. doi:10.3390/toxins13120891.
1416. Wang X, Iyer A, Lyons AB, et al. Emerging Roles for G-protein Coupled Receptors in Development and Activation of Macrophages. Front Immunol. 2019;10. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.02031.
1417. Wang X, Li B, Liu L, et al. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide treatment alleviates the symptoms of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by activating autophagy and inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome. International Immunopharmacology. 2021;90:107092. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107092.
1418. Wang X, Qin X, Demirtas H, et al. Efficacy of folic acid supplementation in stroke prevention: a meta-analysis. The Lancet. 2007;369(9576):1876-1882. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)60854-x.
1419. Wang X, Ye P, Cao R, et al. The Association of Homocysteine with Metabolic Syndrome in a Community-Dwelling Population: Homocysteine Might Be Concomitant with Metabolic Syndrome. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(11):e113148. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0113148.
1420. Wang XX, Mao GH, Li QQ, et al. Neuroprotection of NAD+ and NBP against ischemia/reperfusion brain injury is associated with restoration of sirtuin-regulated metabolic homeostasis. Front Pharmacol. 2023;14. doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1096533.
1421. Wang Y, Liu X, Shi H, et al. NLRP3 inflammasome, an immune‐inflammatory target in pathogenesis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Clinical and Translational Medicine. 2020;10(1):91-106. doi:10.1002/ctm2.13.
1422. Wang Y, Liu Y, Zhang S, et al. Exercise Improves Metabolism and Alleviates Atherosclerosis via Muscle-Derived Extracellular Vesicles. Aging and disease. 2023;14(3):952. doi:10.14336/ad.2022.1131.
1423. Wang Y, Pleasure D, Deng W, et al. Therapeutic Potentials of Poly (ADP‐Ribose) Polymerase 1 (PARP1) Inhibition in Multiple Sclerosis and Animal Models: Concept Revisiting. Advanced Science. 2021;9(5):2102853. doi:10.1002/advs.202102853.
1424. Wang YC, Chen YM, Lin YJ, et al. GNMT Expression Increases Hepatic Folate Contents and Folate-Dependent Methionine Synthase-Mediated Homocysteine Remethylation. Mol Med. 2011;17(5-6):486-494. doi:10.2119/molmed.2010.00243.
1425. Wang Z, sC. Effects of folic acid deficiency on genetic damage in colorectal cancer cells. American Journal of Translational Research. 2023;15(5):3162. URL:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10250996.
1426. Wang Z, Yang A, Yang J, et al. Dietary nutrient intake related to higher grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia risk: a Chinese population-based study. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2020;17(1). doi:10.1186/s12986-020-00521-4.
1427. Wang Z, Zhu W, Xing Y, et al. B vitamins and prevention of cognitive decline and incident dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrition Reviews. 2021;80(4):931-949. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuab057.
1428. Wang Z, Zou Z, Li Q. Nicotinic acid supplementation contributes to the amelioration of Alzheimer’s disease in mouse models. Ann Transl Med. 2022;10(19):1049-1049. doi:10.21037/atm-22-1148.
1429. Wannick M, Assmann JC, Vielhauer JF, et al. The Immunometabolomic Interface Receptor Hydroxycarboxylic Acid Receptor 2 Mediates the Therapeutic Effects of Dimethyl Fumarate in Autoantibody-Induced Skin Inflammation. Front Immunol. 2018;9. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.01890.
1430. Warnick CT, Lazarus HM. Protection from DNA damage during an ischemic cell injury. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1983;113(3):996-1003. doi:10.1016/0006-291x(83)91097-5.
1431. Wasserberg N, Pileggi A, Salgar SK, et al. Heme oxygenase-1 upregulation protects against intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury: A laboratory based study. International Journal of Surgery. 2007;5(4):216-224. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2006.06.001.
1432. Watford M. Glutamine and glutamate: Nonessential or essential amino acids? Animal Nutrition. 2015;1(3):119-122. doi:10.1016/j.aninu.2015.08.008.
1433. Wee AKH. Serum folate predicts muscle strength: a pilot cross-sectional study of the association between serum vitamin levels and muscle strength and gait measures in patients >65 years old with diabetes mellitus in a primary care setting. Nutr J. 2016;15(1). doi:10.1186/s12937-016-0208-3.
1434. Wei J, Zhang Y, Li H, et al. Toll-like receptor 4: A potential therapeutic target for multiple human diseases. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2023;166:115338. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115338.
1435. Wei L, Hongying H, Xin G, et al. Effects of micronutrient niacin on treatment efficiency of textile wastewater. Wuhan Univ J Nat Sci. 2006;11(3):737-741. doi:10.1007/bf02836700.
1436. Weinreb RN. Glaucoma neuroprotection: What is it? Why is it needed? J can d’ophtalmol. 2007;42(3):396-398. doi:10.3129/i07-045.
1437. Weinstein G, Zelber-Sagi S, Preis SR, et al. Association of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease With Lower Brain Volume in Healthy Middle-aged Adults in the Framingham Study. JAMA Neurol. 2018;75(1):97. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.3229.
1438. Weiss R, Meersch M, Gerke M, et al. Effect of Glutamine Administration After Cardiac Surgery on Kidney Damage in Patients at High Risk for Acute Kidney Injury: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2022. doi:10.1213/ane.0000000000006288.
1439. Welbourne T. Increased plasma bicarbonate and growth hormone after an oral glutamine load. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1995;61(5):1058-1061. doi:10.1093/ajcn/61.5.1058.
1440. Welbourne T, Claville W, Langford M. An oral glutamine load enhances renal acid secretion and function. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1998;67(4):660-663. doi:10.1093/ajcn/67.4.660.
1441. Weng HR, Taing K, Chen L. Emerging roles of GPR109A in regulation of neuroinflammation in neurological diseases and pain. Neural Regen Res. 2023;18(4):763. doi:10.4103/1673-5374.354514.
1442. Wernerman J. Glutamine supplementation to critically ill patients? Critical Care. 2014;18(2):214. doi:10.1186/cc13781.
1443. Wik JA, Chowdhury A, Kolan S, et al. Endogenous glutamine is rate-limiting for anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 induced CD4+ T-cell proliferation and glycolytic activity under hypoxia and normoxia. Biochemical Journal. 2022;479(11):1221-1235. doi:10.1042/bcj20220144.
1444. Williams EA. Folate, colorectal cancer and the involvement of DNA methylation. Proc Nutr Soc. 2012;71(4):592-597. doi:10.1017/s0029665112000717.
1445. Williams PA, Harder JM, Foxworth NE, et al. Vitamin B3 modulates mitochondrial vulnerability and prevents glaucoma in aged mice. Science. 2017;355(6326):756-760. doi:10.1126/science.aal0092.
1446. Wilmore DW, Shabert JK. Role of glutamine in immunologic responses. Nutrition. 1998;14(7-8):618-626. doi:10.1016/s0899-9007(98)00009-4.
1447. Wilmore DW. The Effect of Glutamine Supplementation in Patients Following Elective Surgery and Accidental Injury. The Journal of Nutrition. 2001;131(9):2543S-2549S. doi:10.1093/jn/131.9.2543s.
1448. Wilson KM, Mucci LA, Rosner BA, et al. A Prospective Study on Dietary Acrylamide Intake and the Risk for Breast, Endometrial, and Ovarian Cancers. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. 2010;19(10):2503-2515. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-10-0391.
1449. Wilson RD, O’Connor DL. Maternal folic acid and multivitamin supplementation: International clinical evidence with considerations for the prevention of folate-sensitive birth defects. Preventive Medicine Reports. 2021;24:101617. doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101617.
1450. Wilson RD, Wilson RD, Audibert F, et al. Pre-conception Folic Acid and Multivitamin Supplementation for the Primary and Secondary Prevention of Neural Tube Defects and Other Folic Acid-Sensitive Congenital Anomalies. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada. 2015;37(6):534-549. doi:10.1016/s1701-2163(15)30230-9.
1451. Wilson RJ, Drake JC, Cui D, et al. Voluntary running protects against neuromuscular dysfunction following hindlimb ischemia-reperfusion in mice. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2019;126(1):193-201. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00358.2018.
1452. Winer JR, Mander BA, Kumar S, et al. Sleep Disturbance Forecasts β-Amyloid Accumulation across Subsequent Years. Current Biology. 2020;30(21):4291-4298.e3. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.08.017.
1453. Wischmeyer PE, Dhaliwal R, McCall M, et al. Parenteral glutamine supplementation in critical illness: a systematic review. Critical Care. 2014;18(2):R76. doi:10.1186/cc13836.
1454. Wojcik M, Seidle HF, Bieganowski P, Brenner C. Glutamine-dependent NAD+ Synthetase. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2006;281(44):33395-33402. doi:10.1074/jbc.m607111200.
1455. Wolters M, Hermann S, Hahn A. Effect of multivitamin supplementation on the homocysteine and methylmalonic acid blood concentrations in women over the age of 60 years. Eur J Nutr. 2004;44(3):183-192. doi:10.1007/s00394-004-0510-2.
1456. Won Lee S, Park J, Kim H, et al. Risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in adult patients with atopic dermatitis. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 2023:110883. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110883.
1457. Wotherspoon F, Laight DW, Turner C, et al. The effect of oral folic acid upon plasma homocysteine, endothelial function and oxidative stress in patients with type 1 diabetes and microalbuminuria. International Journal of Clinical Practice. 2008;62(4):569-574. doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2007.01658.x.
1458. Wu BJ, Chen K, Barter PJ, et al. Niacin Inhibits Vascular Inflammation via the Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1. Circulation. 2012;125(1):150-158. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.111.053108.
1459. Wu BJ, Yan L, Charlton F, et al. Evidence That Niacin Inhibits Acute Vascular Inflammation and Improves Endothelial Dysfunction Independent of Changes in Plasma Lipids. ATVB. 2010;30(5):968-975. doi:10.1161/atvbaha.109.201129.
1460. Wu D, Shu T, Yang X, et al. Plasma metabolomic and lipidomic alterations associated with COVID-19. National Science Review. 2020;7(7):1157-1168. doi:10.1093/nsr/nwaa086.
1461. Wu G, Greene LW. Glutamine and glucose metabolism in bovine blood lymphocytes. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry. 1992;103(4):821-825. doi:10.1016/0305-0491(92)90199-2.
1462. Wu G, Meier SA, Knabe DA. Dietary Glutamine Supplementation Prevents Jejunal Atrophy in Weaned Pigs. The Journal of Nutrition. 1996;126(10):2578-2584. doi:10.1093/jn/126.10.2578.
1463. Wu J, Yang K, Fan H, et al. Targeting the gut microbiota and its metabolites for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Front Endocrinol. 2023;14. doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1114424.
1464. Wu JM, Ho TW, Lai IR, et al. Parenteral glutamine supplementation improves serum albumin values in surgical cancer patients. Clinical Nutrition. 2021;40(2):645-650. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2020.06.015.
1465. Wu L, Chen S, He B, et al. Acetylglutamine facilitates motor recovery after brachial plexus root avulsion in rats by promoting motoneuronal survival and axonal remyelination. J Transl Med. 2023. doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2528484/v1.
1466. Wu MT, Ye WT, Wang YC, et al. MTHFR Knockdown Assists Cell Defense against Folate Depletion Induced Chromosome Segregation and Uracil Misincorporation in DNA. IJMS. 2021;22(17):9392. doi:10.3390/ijms22179392.
1467. Wu Q, Liu Z, Li S, et al. Effects of Glutamine on Digestive Function and Redox Regulation in the Intestines of Broiler Chickens Challenged with Salmonella Enteritidis. Braz J Poult Sci. 2019;21(4). doi:10.1590/1806-9061-2019-1123.
1468. Wu QJ, Jiao C, Liu ZH, et al. Effect of glutamine on the growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, absorption function, and mRNA expression of intestinal transporters in heat-stressed chickens. Research in Veterinary Science. 2021;134:51-57. doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.12.002.
1469. Wu QJ, Liu N, Wu XH, et al. Glutamine alleviates heat stress-induced impairment of intestinal morphology, intestinal inflammatory response, and barrier integrity in broilers. Poultry Science. 2018;97(8):2675-2683. doi:10.3382/ps/pey123.
1470. Wu X, Xie C, Zhang Y, et al. Glutamate–glutamine cycle and exchange in the placenta–fetus unit during late pregnancy. Amino Acids. 2014;47(1):45-53. doi:10.1007/s00726-014-1861-5.
1471. Wu ZH, Zhao SP. Niacin Promotes Cholesterol Efflux through Stimulation of the PPARγ-LXRα-ABCA1 Pathway in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes. Pharmacology. 2009;84(5):282-287. doi:10.1159/000242999.
1472. Wuerch E, Urgoiti GR, Yong VW. The Promise of Niacin in Neurology. Neurotherapeutics. 2023. doi:10.1007/s13311-023-01376-2
1473. Wyatt CM, Spence JD. Folic acid supplementation and chronic kidney disease progression. Kidney International. 2016;90(6):1144-1145. doi:10.1016/j.kint.2016.09.019.
1474. Xia MF, Bian H, Zhu XP, et al. Serum folic acid levels are associated with the presence and severity of liver steatosis in Chinese adults. Clinical Nutrition. 2018;37(5):1752-1758. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2017.06.021.
1475. Xiang D, Zhang Q, Wang YT. Effectiveness of niacin supplementation for patients with type 2 diabetes. Medicine. 2020;99(29):e21235. doi:10.1097/md.0000000000021235.
1476. Xiao Q, Chen YH, Pratama SA, et al. The Prophylactic Effects of Glutamine on Muscle Protein Synthesis and Degradation in Rats with Ethanol-Induced Liver Damage. Nutrients. 2021;13(8):2788. doi:10.3390/nu13082788.
1477. Xiao SD. Interventional study of high dose folic acid in gastric carcinogenesis in beagles. Gut. 2002;50(1):61-64. doi:10.1136/gut.50.1.61.
1478. Xiao W, Wang RS, Handy DE, et al. NAD(H) and NADP(H) Redox Couples and Cellular Energy Metabolism. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling. 2018;28(3):251-272. doi:10.1089/ars.2017.7216.
1479. Xin FZ, Zhao ZH, Zhang RN, et al. Folic acid attenuates high-fat diet-induced steatohepatitis via deacetylase SIRT1-dependent restoration of PPARα. WJG. 2020;26(18):2203-2220. doi:10.3748/wjg.v26.i18.2203.
1480. Xiong K, Li G, Zhang Y, et al. Effects of glutamine on plasma protein and inflammation in postoperative patients with colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2023;38(1). doi:10.1007/s00384-023-04504-8.
1481. Xiu Y, Field MS. The Roles of Mitochondrial Folate Metabolism in Supporting Mitochondrial DNA Synthesis, Oxidative Phosphorylation, and Cellular Function. Current Developments in Nutrition. 2020;4(10):nzaa153. doi:10.1093/cdn/nzaa153.
1482. Xu F, Xie Q, Kuang W, et al. Interactions Between Antidepressants and Intestinal Microbiota. Neurotherapeutics. 2023;20(2):359-371. doi:10.1007/s13311-023-01362-8.
1483. Xu H, Garcia-Ptacek S, Trevisan M, et al. Kidney Function, Kidney Function Decline, and the Risk of Dementia in Older Adults. Neurology. 2021;96(24):e2956-e2965. doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000012113.
1484. Xu J, Kitada M, Koya D. NAD+ Homeostasis in Diabetic Kidney Disease. Front Med. 2021;8. doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.703076.
1485. Xu J, Psioda MA, Ibrahim JG. Bayesian design of clinical trials using joint models for longitudinal and time-to-event data. Biostatistics. 2020;23(2):591-608. doi:10.1093/biostatistics/kxaa044.
1486. Xu J, Zhao X, Sun S, et al. Homocysteine and Digestive Tract Cancer Risk: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis. Journal of Oncology. 2018;2018:1-12. doi:10.1155/2018/3720684.
1487. Xu P, Sauve AA. Vitamin B3, the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides and aging. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development. 2010;131(4):287-298. doi:10.1016/j.mad.2010.03.006.
1488. Xu RC, Miao WT, Xu JY, et al. Neuroprotective Effects of Sodium Butyrate and Monomethyl Fumarate Treatment through GPR109A Modulation and Intestinal Barrier Restoration on PD Mice. Nutrients. 2022;14(19):4163. doi:10.3390/nu14194163.
1489. Xu S, Li C, Zhou H, et al. A Study on Acetylglutamine Pharmacokinetics in Rat Blood and Brain Based on Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Microdialysis Technique. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11. doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.00508.
1490. Xu X, Lin S, Chen Y, et al. The effect of metformin on the expression of GPR109A, NF-κB and IL-1β in peripheral blood leukocytes from patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Annals of Clinical & Laboratory Science. 2017 Sep 1;47(5):556-62. URL:http://www.annclinlabsci.org/content/47/5/556.short.
1491. Xu X, Qin X, Li Y, et al. Efficacy of Folic Acid Therapy on the Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176(10):1443. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.4687.
1492. Xuan C, Cui H, Jin Z, et al. Glutamine ameliorates hyperoxia-induced hippocampal damage by attenuating inflammation and apoptosis via the MKP-1/MAPK signaling pathway in neonatal rats. Front Pharmacol. 2023;14. doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1096309.
1493. Xue C, Li G, Zheng Q, et al. Tryptophan metabolism in health and disease. Cell Metabolism. 2023;35(8):1304-1326. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2023.06.004.
1494. Yadav H, Jaldhi, Bhardwaj R, et al. Unveiling the role of gut-brain axis in regulating neurodegenerative diseases: A comprehensive review. Life Sciences. 2023;330:122022. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122022.
1495. Yadav M, Sarma P, Ganguly M, et al. Structure-guided engineering of biased-agonism in the human niacin receptor via single amino acid substitution. 2023. doi:10.1101/2023.07.03.547505.
1496. Yamamoto K, Hosogaya N, Inoue T, et al. Efficacy of Lactococcus lactis strain plasma (LC-Plasma) in easing symptoms in patients with mild COVID-19: protocol for an exploratory, multicentre, double-blinded, randomised controlled trial (PLATEAU study). BMJ Open. 2022;12(9):e061172. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-061172.
1497. Yamane S, Amano H, Ito Y, et al. The role of thromboxane prostanoid receptor signaling in gastric ulcer healing. Int J Experimental Path. 2021;103(1):4-12. doi:10.1111/iep.12410.
1498. Yan T, Chopp M, Ye X, et al. Niaspan increases axonal remodeling after stroke in type 1 diabetes rats. Neurobiology of Disease. 2012;46(1):157-164. doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2012.01.001.
1499. Yan T, Ye X, Chopp M, et al. Niaspan Attenuates the Adverse Effects of Bone Marrow Stromal Cell Treatment of Stroke in Type One Diabetic Rats. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(11):e81199. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081199.
1500. Yang ASP, van Waardenburg YM, van de Vegte‐Bolmer M, et al. Zonal human hepatocytes are differentially permissive to Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites. The EMBO Journal. 2021;40(6). doi:10.15252/embj.2020106583.
1501. Yang J, Yang A, Wang Z, et al. Interactions between serum folate and human papillomavirus with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia risk in a Chinese population-based study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2018;108(5):1034-1042. doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqy160.
1502. Yang L, Venneti S, Nagrath D. Glutaminolysis: A Hallmark of Cancer Metabolism. Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 2017;19(1):163-194. doi:10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071516-044546.
1503. Yang L, Xu L, Li J, et al. The association of dietary glutamine supplementation with the development of high salt-induced hypertension in rats. Front Nutr. 2022;9. doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.1011739.
1504. Yang NC, Cho YH, Lee I. The Lifespan Extension Ability of Nicotinic Acid Depends on Whether the Intracellular NAD+ Level Is Lower than the Sirtuin-Saturating Concentrations. IJMS. 2019;21(1):142. doi:10.3390/ijms21010142.
1505. Yang R, Pu D, Tan R, et al. Association of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene polymorphisms (C677T and A1298C) with thyroid dysfunction: A meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2022. doi:10.20945/2359-3997000000471.
1506. Yang S, Park JH, Lu HC. Axonal energy metabolism, and the effects in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Mol Neurodegeneration. 2023;18(1). doi:10.1186/s13024-023-00634-3.
1507. Yang S, Zhang F, Li Q, et al. Niacin promotes the efflux of lysosomal cholesterol from macrophages via the CD38/NAADP signaling pathway. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2022;247(12):1047-1054. doi:10.1177/15353702221084632.
1508. Yang T, Yan X, Cao Y, et al. Meta-analysis of Glutamine on Immune Function and Post-Operative Complications of Patients With Colorectal Cancer. Front Nutr. 2021;8. doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.765809.
1509. Yang W, Yu T, Cong Y. CD4+ T cell metabolism, gut microbiota, and autoimmune diseases: implication in precision medicine of autoimmune diseases. Precision Clinical Medicine. 2022;5(3). doi:10.1093/pcmedi/pbac018.
1510. Yang X, Hu R, Wang Z, et al. Associations Between Serum Folate Level and HOMA-IR in Chinese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. DMSO. 2023;16:1481-1491. doi:10.2147/dmso.s409291.
1511. Yang Y, Sauve AA. NAD + metabolism: Bioenergetics, signaling and manipulation for therapy. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics. 2016;1864(12):1787-1800. doi:10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.06.014.
1512. Yao GX, Xue XB, Jiang ZM, et al. Effects of perioperative parenteral glutamine-dipeptide supplementation on plasma endotoxin level, plasma endotoxin inactivation capacity and clinical outcome. Clinical Nutrition. 2005;24(4):510-515. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2005.04.002.
1513. Yary T. The Association between Dietary Intake of Folate and Physical Activity with Psychological Dimensions of Depressive Symptoms among Students from Iran. BioMed Research International. 2013;2013:1-10. doi:10.1155/2013/582693.
1514. Ye L, Cao Z, Lai X, Shi Y, Zhou N. Niacin Ameliorates Hepatic Steatosis by Inhibiting De Novo Lipogenesis Via a GPR109A-Mediated PKC–ERK1/2–AMPK Signaling Pathway in C57BL/6 Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet. The Journal of Nutrition. 2020;150(4):672-684. doi:10.1093/jn/nxz303.
1515. Ye L, Cao Z, Lai X, et al. Niacin fine‐tunes energy homeostasis through canonical GPR109A signaling. FASEB j. 2018;33(4):4765-4779. doi:10.1096/fj.201801951.
1516. Ye X, Chopp M, Cui X, et al. Niaspan enhances vascular remodeling after stroke in type 1 diabetic rats. Experimental Neurology. 2011;232(2):299-308. doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.09.022.
1517. Ye X, Chopp M, Liu X, et al. Niaspan reduces high-mobility group box 1/receptor for advanced glycation endproducts after stroke in type-1 diabetic rats. Neuroscience. 2011;190:339-345. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.06.004.
1518. Ye X, Yan T, Chopp M, et al. Combination BMSC and Niaspan Treatment of Stroke Enhances White Matter Remodeling and Synaptic Protein Expression in Diabetic Rats. IJMS. 2013;14(11):22221-22232. doi:10.3390/ijms141122221.
1519. Yeang C, Clopton P, Yang X, et al. NIACIN REDUCES OXIDIZED PHOSPHOLIPIDS ON APOLIPOPROTEIN-B-100 (OXPL/APOB) CONTAINING LIPOPROTEINS. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2015;65(10):A1376. doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(15)61376-6.
1520. Yeh CL, Su LH, Wu JM, et al. Effects of the Glutamine Administration on T Helper Cell Regulation and Inflammatory Response in Obese Mice Complicated with Polymicrobial Sepsis. Mediators of Inflammation. 2020;2020:1-11. doi:10.1155/2020/8869017.
1521. Yeh CN, Lee HL, Liu YY, et al. The role of parenteral glutamine supplement for surgical patient perioperatively: result of a single center, prospective and controlled study. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2008;393(6):849-855. doi:10.1007/s00423-008-0405-4.
1522. Yılmaz B, Çakmak Genç G, Karakaş Çelik S, et al. The 3′UTR region of the DNA repair gene PARP-1 May increase the severity of COVID-19 by altering the binding of antiviral miRNAs. Virology. 2023;583:29-35. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2023.04.005.
1523. Ying H, Gao L, Liao N, et al. Association between niacin and mortality among patients with cancer in the NHANES retrospective cohort. BMC Cancer. 2022;22(1). doi:10.1186/s12885-022-10265-4.
1524. Yong LC, Petersen MR. High dietary niacin intake is associated with decreased chromosome translocation frequency in airline pilots. Br J Nutr. 2010;105(4):496-505. doi:10.1017/s000711451000379x.
1525. Yong Y, Zhou Y, Liu K, et al. Exogenous Citrulline and Glutamine Contribute to Reverse the Resistance of Salmonella to Apramycin. Front Microbiol. 2021;12. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.759170.
1526. Yoo HC, Yu YC, Sung Y, et al. Glutamine reliance in cell metabolism. Exp Mol Med. 2020;52(9):1496-1516. doi:10.1038/s12276-020-00504-8.
1527. Yoon Y, Yoon JY, Lim KM, et al. Effects of the complex containing Centella asiatica-and folic acid-fermented extracts, acetyl glutamine, and nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate on the inhibition of senescence and melanogenesis, promotion of collagen expression, cellular regeneration, and keratinocyte differentiation, and anti-inflammation. Kor J Aesthet Cosmetol. 2013;11(4):675-684. URL:https://e-ajbc.org/journal/view.php?number=629.
1528. Youssry S, Kamel MA. Effect of folate supplementation on immunological and autophagy markers in experimental nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Eur Cytokine Netw. 2019;30(4):135-143. doi:10.1684/ecn.2019.0437.
1529. Yu AL, Birke K, Lorenz RL, et al. Constitutive Expression of HCA2in Human Retina and Primary Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells. Current Eye Research. 2013;39(5):487-492. doi:10.3109/02713683.2013.848900.
1530. Yu P, Cai X, Liang Y, et al. Roles of NAD+ and Its Metabolites Regulated Calcium Channels in Cancer. Molecules. 2020;25(20):4826. doi:10.3390/molecules25204826.
1531. Yu X, Diao L, Du B, et al. Individualized folic acid supplementation based on MTHFR and MTRR gene polymorphisms reduces the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus in a Chinese population. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology. 2023;16(7):150. URL:https://e-century.us/files/ijcep/16/7/ijcep0149805.pdf.
1532. Yu YH, Su HM, Lin SH, et al. Niacin skin flush and membrane polyunsaturated fatty acids in schizophrenia from the acute state to partial remission: a dynamic relationship. Schizophr. 2022;8(1). doi:10.1038/s41537-022-00252-w.
1533. Yu YH, Kuo HK, Lai YL. The Association Between Serum Folate Levels and Periodontal Disease in Older Adults: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001/02. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2007;55(1):108-113. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2006.01020.x.
1534. Yuan D, Chu J, Lin H, et al. Mechanism of homocysteine-mediated endothelial injury and its consequences for atherosclerosis. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2023;9. doi:10.3389/fcvm.2022.1109445.
1535. Yuan S, Chen J, Dan L, et al. Homocysteine, folate, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review with meta-analysis and Mendelian randomization investigation. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2022;116(6):1595-1609. doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqac285.
1536. Yuan S, Mason AM, Carter P, et al. Homocysteine, B vitamins, and cardiovascular disease: a Mendelian randomization study. BMC Med. 2021;19(1). doi:10.1186/s12916-021-01977-8.
1537. Yuan Z, Liu T, Huo X, et al. L. Glutamine Transporter SLC1A5 Regulates Ionizing Radiation-Derived Oxidative Damage and Ferroptosis. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2022;2022:1-19. doi:10.1155/2022/3403009.
1538. Zaitsu K, Asano T, Kawakami D, et al. Metabolomics and Data-Driven Bioinformatics Revealed Key Maternal Metabolites Related to Fetal Lethality via Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate Exposure in Pregnant Mice. ACS Omega. 2022;7(27):23717-23726. doi:10.1021/acsomega.2c02338.
1539. Zamani M, Rezaiian F, Saadati S, et al. The effects of folic acid supplementation on endothelial function in adults: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr J. 2023;22(1). doi:10.1186/s12937-023-00843-y.
1540. Zandi‐Nejad K, Takakura A, Jurewicz M, et al. The role of HCA2 (GPR109A) in regulating macrophage function. FASEB j. 2013;27(11):4366-4374. doi:10.1096/fj.12-223933.
1541. Zapata‐Pérez R, Wanders RJA, van Karnebeek CDM, et al. NAD + homeostasis in human health and disease. EMBO Mol Med. 2021;13(7). doi:10.15252/emmm.202113943.
1542. Zelgis MA. THE MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC MALARIA BETWEEN ATTACKS. JAMA. 1945;129(12):796. doi:10.1001/jama.1945.02860460020005.
1543. Zeman M, Vecka M, Perlík F, et al. Pleiotropic effects of niacin: Current possibilities for its clinical use. Acta Pharmaceutica. 2016;66(4):449-469. doi:10.1515/acph-2016-0043.
1544. Zeng X, Kong RPW, Cheng KW, et al. Direct Trapping of Acrylamide as a Key Mechanism for Niacin’s Inhibitory Activity in Carcinogenic Acrylamide Formation. Chem Res Toxicol. 2010;23(4):802-807. doi:10.1021/tx900438z.
1545. Zeydan B, Kantarci K. Decreased glutamine and glutamate: an early biomarker of neurodegeneration. Int Psychogeriatr. 2021;33(1):1-2. doi:10.1017/s1041610219001807.
1546. Zhang B, Dong H, Xu Y, et al. Associations of dietary folate, vitamin B6 and B12 intake with cardiovascular outcomes in 115664 participants: a large UK population-based cohort. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2022;77(3):299-307. doi:10.1038/s41430-022-01206-2.
1547. Zhang B, Lin M, Yu C, et al. Alanyl-glutamine supplementation regulates mTOR and ubiquitin proteasome proteolysis signaling pathways in piglets. Nutrition. 2016;32(10):1123-1131. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2016.02.023.
1548. Zhang B, Sun H, Sun Z, et al. Glutamine alleviated heat stress-induced damage of porcine intestinal epithelium associated with the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway mediated by heat shock protein 70. Journal of Animal Science. 2023;101. doi:10.1093/jas/skad127.
1549. Zhang B, Watt JM, Cordiglieri C, et al. Small Molecule Antagonists of NAADP-Induced Ca2+ Release in T-Lymphocytes Suggest Potential Therapeutic Agents for Autoimmune Disease. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-018-34917-3.
1550. Zhang D, Liu X, Liu Y, et al. Leisure-time physical activity and incident metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies. Metabolism. 2017;75:36-44. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2017.08.001.
1551. Zhang H, Zhang X, Wang Y, et al. Dietary Folic Acid Supplementation Attenuates Maternal High-Fat Diet-Induced Fetal Intrauterine Growth Retarded via Ameliorating Placental Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Rats. Nutrients. 2023;15(14):3263. doi:10.3390/nu15143263.
1552. Zhang H, Zuo Y, Zhao H, et al. Folic acid ameliorates alcohol-induced liver injury via gut–liver axis homeostasis. Front Nutr. 2022;9. doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.989311.
1553. Zhang K, Li B, Gu Z, et al. Association between dietary folate intake and cognitive impairment in older US adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 2023;109:104946. doi:10.1016/j.archger.2023.104946.
1554. Zhang L. EFFECTS OF GLUTAMINE ON INFLAMMATORY CASCADE, SERUM HIGH MOBILITY GROUP PROTEIN 1 AND HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN IN PATIENTS WITH SEVERE PANCREATITIS. Acta Medica Mediterranea. 2020;(1):281-285. doi:10.19193/0393-6384_2020_1_42.
1555. Zhang Q, Wei Z, Weng H, et al. Folic Acid Preconditioning Alleviated Radiation-Induced Ovarian Dysfunction in Female Mice. Front Nutr. 2022;9. doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.854655.
1556. Zhang Q, Wu H, Zou M, et al. Folic acid improves abnormal behavior via mitigation of oxidative stress, inflammation, and ferroptosis in the BTBR T+ tf/J mouse model of autism. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. 2019;71:98-109. doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.05.002.
1557. Zhang R, Sun C, Chen X, et al. COVID-19-Related Brain Injury: The Potential Role of Ferroptosis. JIR. 2022;15:2181-2198. doi:10.2147/jir.s353467.
1558. Zhang R, Yang N, Ji C, et al. Neuroprotective effects of Aceglutamide on motor function in a rat model of cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. RNN. 2015;33(5):741-759. doi:10.3233/rnn-150509.
1559. Zhang S, Yang M, Hao X, et al. Peri-Conceptional Folic Acid Supplementation and Children’s Physical Development: A Birth Cohort Study. Nutrients. 2023;15(6):1423. doi:10.3390/nu15061423.
1560. Zhang W, Jiang J, Kang X, et al. Dietary B vitamins and glioma: A case–control study based on Chinese population. Front Nutr. 2023;10. doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1122540.
1561. Zhang Y, Yan R, Zhou Q. ACE2, B0AT1, and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein: Structural and functional implications. Current Opinion in Structural Biology. 2022;74:102388. doi:10.1016/j.sbi.2022.102388.
1562. Zhang Y, Zhang N, Liu L, et al. Transcriptome Analysis of Effects of Folic Acid Supplement on Gene Expression in Liver of Broiler Chickens. Front Vet Sci. 2021;8. doi:10.3389/fvets.2021.686609.
1563. Zhang Z, Li J, Zhang M, et al. GPR109a Regulates Phenotypic and Functional Alterations in Macrophages and the Progression of Type 1 Diabetes. Molecular Nutrition Food Res. 2022;66(23):2200300. doi:10.1002/mnfr.202200300.
1564. Zhang ZF, Sun QC, Xu YF, et al. Association between preoperative serum homocysteine and delayed neurocognitive recovery after non-cardiac surgery in elderly patients: a prospective observational study. Perioper Med. 2021;10(1). doi:10.1186/s13741-021-00208-1.
1565. Zhao H, Guo P, Zuo Y, et al. Folic acid intervention changes liver Foxp3 methylation and ameliorates the damage caused by Th17/Treg imbalance after long-term alcohol exposure. Food Funct. 2022;13(9):5262-5274. doi:10.1039/d1fo04267j.
1566. Zhao JV, Schooling CM, Zhao JX. The effects of folate supplementation on glucose metabolism and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Annals of Epidemiology. 2018;28(4):249-257.e1. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2018.02.001.
1567. Zhao L, Li T, Dang M, et al. Association of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) rs1801133 (677C>T) gene polymorphism with ischemic stroke risk in different populations: An updated meta-analysis. Front Genet. 2023;13. doi:10.3389/fgene.2022.1021423.
1568. Zhao M, Chen YH, Chen X, et al. Folic acid supplementation during pregnancy protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced neural tube defects in mice. Toxicology Letters. 2014;224(2):201-208. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.10.021.
1569. Zhao M, Wang X, He M, et al. Homocysteine and Stroke Risk. Stroke. 2017;48(5):1183-1190. doi:10.1161/strokeaha.116.015324.
1570. Zhao M, Zhou J, Chen YH, et al. Folic Acid Promotes Wound Healing in Diabetic Mice by Suppression of Oxidative Stress. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. 2018;64(1):26-33. doi:10.3177/jnsv.64.26.
1571. Zhao R, Jin G, Tao K, et al. IDDF2022-ABS-0080 Pellagra, a re-emerging disease causes gastrointestinal bleeding. Clinical Gastroenterology. 2022. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2022-iddf.168.
1572. Zhao W, Hao M, Wang Y, et al. Association between folate status and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2016;70(7):837-842. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2016.35.
1573. Zhao Y, Guo C, Hu H, et al. Folate intake, serum folate levels and esophageal cancer risk: an overall and dose-response meta-analysis. Oncotarget. 2017;8(6):10458-10469. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.14432.
1574. Zhao Y, Wang Q, Wang Y, Li J, Lu G, Liu Z. Glutamine protects against oxidative stress injury through inhibiting the activation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in parkinsonian cell model. Environ Health Prev Med. 2019;24(1). doi:10.1186/s12199-018-0757-5.
1575. Zhen R, Feng J, He D, et al. Effects of Niacin on Resistance to Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Infection in Weaned Piglets. Front Nutr. 2022;9. doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.865311.
1576. Zheng M, Schultz MB, Sinclair DA. NAD+ in COVID-19 and viral infections. Trends in Immunology. 2022;43(4):283-295. doi:10.1016/j.it.2022.02.001.
1577. Zheng Y, Hu FB, Ruiz‐Canela M, et al. Metabolites of Glutamate Metabolism Are Associated With Incident Cardiovascular Events in the PREDIMED PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea (PREDIMED) Trial. JAHA. 2016;5(9). doi:10.1161/jaha.116.003755.
1578. Zheng YM. Glutamine dipeptide for parenteral nutrition in abdominal surgery: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. WJG. 2006;12(46):7537. doi:10.3748/wjg.v12.i46.7537.
1579. Zhong L, Cao L, Song R, et al. Glutamine exerts a protective effect on osteoarthritis development by inhibiting the Jun N-terminal kinase and nuclear factor kappa-B signaling pathways. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-022-16093-7.
1580. Zhong O, Wang J, Tan Y, et al. Effects of NAD+ precursor supplementation on glucose and lipid metabolism in humans: a meta-analysis. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2022;19(1). doi:10.1186/s12986-022-00653-9.
1581. Zhong W, Li Q, Tan X, et al. Dietary niacin supplementation ameliorates ethanol‐induced liver injury in rats through sealing the leaky gut. FASEB j. 2012;26(S1). doi:10.1096/fasebj.26.1_supplement.lb765.
1582. Zhong W, Li Q, Zhang W, et al. Modulation of Intestinal Barrier and Bacterial Endotoxin Production Contributes to the Beneficial Effect of Nicotinic Acid on Alcohol-Induced Endotoxemia and Hepatic Inflammation in Rats. Biomolecules. 2015;5(4):2643-2658. doi:10.3390/biom5042643.
1583. Zhou FQ. NAD+, Senolytics, or Pyruvate for Healthy Aging? Nutr Metab Insights. 2021;14:117863882110534. doi:10.1177/11786388211053407.
1584. Zhou H, He Y, Zhu J, et al. Guhong Injection Protects Against Apoptosis in Cerebral Ischemia by Maintaining Cerebral Microvasculature and Mitochondrial Integrity Through the PI3K/AKT Pathway. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12. doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.650983.
1585. Zhou J, Chen H, Du J, et al. Glutamine Availability Regulates the Development of Aging Mediated by mTOR Signaling and Autophagy. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13. doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.924081.
1586. Zhou L, Mai J, Li Y, et al. Triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in a Chinese population. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases. 2020;30(10):1706-1713. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2020.05.009.
1587. Zhou L, Liu J, An Y, et al. Plasma Homocysteine Level Is Independently Associated With Conventional Atherogenic Lipid Profile and Remnant Cholesterol in Adults. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022;9. doi:10.3389/fcvm.2022.898305.
1588. Zhou L, Zhang Q, Zhu Q, et al. Role and therapeutic targeting of glutamine metabolism in non‑small cell lung cancer (Review). Oncol Lett. 2023;25(4). doi:10.3892/ol.2023.13745a.
1589. Zhou M, Ottenberg G, Sferrazza GF, et al. Neuronal death induced by misfolded prion protein is due to NAD+ depletion and can be relieved in vitro and in vivo by NAD+ replenishment. Brain. 2015;138(4):992-1008. doi:10.1093/brain/awv002.
1590. Zhou T, Yang Y, Chen Q, et al. Glutamine Metabolism Is Essential for Stemness of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Bone Homeostasis. Stem Cells International. 2019;2019:1-13. doi:10.1155/2019/8928934.
1591. Zhou Z, Li J, Yu Y, et al. Effect of Smoking and Folate Levels on the Efficacy of Folic Acid Therapy in Prevention of Stroke in Hypertensive Men. Stroke. 2018;49(1):114-120. doi:10.1161/strokeaha.117.018273.
1592. Zhu C, Wu J, Wu Y, et al. Triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia in Chinese male subjects. Front Nutr. 2022;9. doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.999995.
1593. Zhu S, Mason J, Shi Y, et al. The effect of folic acid on the development of stomach and other gastrointestinal cancers. Chinese medical journal. 2003;116(01):15-9. URL:https://mednexus.org/doi/full/10.3760/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.2003.01.104.
1594. Zhu SS. The interventional effect of folic acid on the development of gastric and other gastrointestinal cancers-clinical trial and follow-up for 7 years. Chin J Gastroenterol. 2002;7:73-8. URL:https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Interventional-Effect-of-Folic-Acid-on-the-of-Shunshi/751f569621eb21d326e5742da1e491972e410b79.
1595. Zhu Y, Mordaunt CE, Durbin‐Johnson BP, et al. Expression Changes in Epigenetic Gene Pathways Associated With One‐Carbon Nutritional Metabolites in Maternal Blood From Pregnancies Resulting in Autism and Non‐Typical Neurodevelopment. Autism Research. 2020;14(1):11-28. doi:10.1002/aur.2428.
1596. Zhou Y, Wang A, Yeung LF, et al. Folate and vitamin B12 usual intake and biomarker status by intake source in United States adults aged ≥19 y: NHANES 2007–2018. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2023;118(1):241-254. doi:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.05.016.
1597. Ziegler T. Glutamine supplementation in catabolic illness. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1996;64(4):645-647. doi:10.1093/ajcn/64.4.645.
1598. Ziegler TR, Benfell K, Smith RJ, et al. Safety and Metabolic Effects of L-Glutamine Administration in Humans. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1990;14(4_suppl):137S-146S. doi:10.1177/0148607190014004201.
1599. Zimmermann M, Brockmann K. Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers of Inflammation in Parkinson’s Disease. JPD. 2022;12(s1):S183-S200. doi:10.3233/jpd-223277.
1600. Zubenko GS, Marquis JK, Volicer L, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of angiotensin-converting enzyme, acetylcholinesterase, and dopamine metabolites in dementia associated with Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease: A correlative study. Biological Psychiatry. 1986;21(14):1365-1381. doi:10.1016/0006-3223(86)90328-8.
1601. Zuorro A, Lavecchia R. Protective effect of nicotinic acid on human albumin during UV-C irradiation. Korean J Chem Eng. 2011;28(10). doi:10.1007/s11814-011-0083-8.
* This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.
Copyright © 2023 GPR109A - All Rights Reserved.
We use cookies to analyze website traffic and optimize your website experience. By accepting our use of cookies, your data will be aggregated with all other user data.